Study Guide for Human Anatomy and Physiology I LECTURE EXAM I
A study guide is not a guarantee that every exam question will be based on it. There can be questions
outside the scope of the study guide, but mastery of the concepts here should enable one to earn an A on
an exam. When I say “I will not test on” something on this guide, that pertains only to lecture exams. Bear
in mind that some of those things will be included on lab exams. Even if I do not test on some of the
Clinical Insight boxes on exams, I do hope you will read them and feel you will find some of them to be
fascinating brief stories and/or relevant to your personal health or professional goals.
This exam will cover chapters 1‐4 in the textbook and Lectures PowerPoints. PowerPoints give
the important highlights of the major concepts to be learned. A good way to study for this exam
would be to
1) READ and outline the chapter and REVIEW PowerPoints.
2) Answer Review Questions at the end of each chapter.
3) Form Study Groups and answer all of the questions below. 4) Learn all bold face terms.
5) Above all....read and study for UNDERSTANDING!
Subject matter: General concepts, general chemistry, organic chemistry (biochemistry), and
biomedical word origins. Cells and Genetics & Cellular Functions
Reading: Chapters 1‐4 (but not Atlas A, which is covered in lab)
Expected exam date: Please see course syllabus
Chapter 1: Major Theme
‐Define anatomy and physiology and relate them to each other. Give an example of form is for
function. How does this relate to anatomy? How does it relate to physiology?
Anatomy: the study of structures (form)
Physiology: the study of function
Ex: where is the kidney; what the kidney does.
‐Know the key figures in the history of medicine and what they contributed (i.e. who invented the
simple microscope? Who was the first to publish the accurate anatomical textbook? Who coined
the term homeostasis?
Hippocrates: “the father of medicine”
Aristotle: one of the first philosophers to write about anatomy and physiology
Claudius Galen: wrote the most influential medical textbook in the ancient era
Andreas Vesalius: taught anatomy & did dissections on cadavers
William Harvey: studied blood circulation and wrote De Motu Cordis (On the motion of the heart)
Robert Hooke: designed the compound microscope
Antony van Leeuwenhoek: invented the simple (single lens) microscope
Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann: concluded that all organisms were composed of
cells (cell theory)
‐Define the all terms in method of study in anatomy and level of anatomy study (e.g. gross
anatomy, cytology, radiology etc.); give examples how one would go about studying each.
Inspection: looking at bodies appearance
Palpation: feeling a structure with the hands
Auscultation: listening to natural sounds made by the body
Percussion: tapping on the body, feeling for abnormal resistance, and listening to the emitted
sounds
Dissection: cutting and separating tissues to reveal their relationships
Cadaver: a dead human body
,Comparative Anatomy: the study of multiple species in order to examine similarities and
differences.
Exploratory Surgery: opening the body and looking at the inside
Medical Imaging: methods of viewing inside the body without surgery
Radiology: branch of medicine concerned with imaging
Gross Anatomy: structures that can be seen with a naked eye
Histology: study of tissues
Histopathology: the microscopic examination of tissues for signs of disease
Cytology: study of individuual cells
Ultrastructure: study of fine detail (revealed by electron microscope)
‐What is the method in physiology?
Neurophysiology: physiology of the nervous system
Endocrinology: physiology of hormones
Pathopysiology: mechanisms of disease
‐Describe two kinds of scientific method and their thought processes.
Inductive Method: process of making numerous observations until one feels confident in
drawing generalizations and predictions from them
Hyothetico- Deductive Method: an investigator begins by asking a question and forming a
hypothesis. From the hypothesis the researcher makes a deduction, typically in the form of “if-
then” prediction.
‐Explain what is meant by hypothesis, fact, law, and theory in science.
An educated speculation or possible answer to the question. A good hypothesis must be 1.)
consistent with what is already known and 2.) capable of being tested and possibly falsified by
evidence.
‐Why evolution is relevant to human A&P; what features of modern humans can be explained on
the basis of primate evolution (opposable thumb, prehensile, stereoscopic etc.)
Adaptations are features of anatomy, physiology, and behavior that have evolved in response to
these selection pressures and enable the organism to cope with the challenges of its
environment.
Opposable thumbs- cross the palm to touch the fingertips- enabled primates to hold small
objects and manipulate them more precisely than other mammals. This made the hands
prehensile (able to grasp branches by encircling them with the thumb and fingers).
Stereoscopic vision- depth perception- allowed for better hand-eye coordination.
‐List levels of human structure from the most complex to the simplest. Organ systems, organs,
tissues, cells, organelles, molecules, atoms.
‐What are the characteristics of all living things? Organisation, cellular composition, metabolism,
responsiveness and movement, homeostasis, development, reproduction, and evolution.
‐What are the levels of organization in living organisms?
‐Define the following terms: atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system.
Atom- the smallest particles with unique chemical properties.
Molecule- a particle composed of at least two atoms.
Organelles- microscopic structures in a cell that carry
, Cell- the smallest units of an organism that carry out all the basic functions of life; nothing
simpler than a cell is considered alive.
Tissue- a mass of similar cells and cell products that forms a discrete region of an organ and
performs a specific function.
Organ- a structure composed of two or more tissue types that work together to carry out a
particular function.
Organ System- a group of organs with a unique collective function, such as circulation,
respiration, or digestion.
‐What organs are involved in the urinary system, the cardiovascular, pulmonary, the lymphatic,
digestive, reproductive, and the endocrine systems other systems.,
Muscular- skeletal muscles
Urinary- kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
Respiratory- Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs.
Digestive- teeth, tongue, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, liver,
gallbladder, pancreas.
Endocrine- Pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, thymus, adrenal
glands, pancreas, testes, ovaries.
Cardiovascular- heart, lungs, arteries, veins
Reproductive- male: testes, epididymides, spermatic ducts, seminal vesicles, prostate,
bulbourethral glands, penis. Female: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands.
Skeletal- bones, cartilages, ligaments
Lymphatic- lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, thymus, spleen, and tonsils.
Integumentary- skin, hair, nails, cutaneous glands
Nervous- brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia
Circulatory- heart, blood vessels
‐Define homeostasis and explain why this concept is central to physiology. What are
components of homeostasis? This is the most important concept in this chapter and I
always test on.
Homeostasis- the body’s ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose it, and
thereby maintain relatively stable internal conditions.
Physiology is a group of mechanisms for maintaining homeostasis, and the loss of homeostatic
control is the cause of illness and death.
The internal state of the body is known as dynamic equilibrium ( balances change) where there
is a certain set point or average value for a given variable (37C).
Feedback loop- receptor: a structure that senses a change in the body; integrating center
(control) center: relates it to other available information; effector: the cell or organ that carries
out the final corrective action.
‐Define negative feedback and give examples of it and explain its importance to
homeostasis. Explain why stabilizing mechanisms are called negative feedback.
Negative feedback- a process in which the body senses a change and activates mechanisms
that negate or reverse it.
Example- If you become overheated, your brain (receptor) triggers heat-losing
mechanisms (control center), and vasodilation (the widening of blood vessels) occurs (effector).
A study guide is not a guarantee that every exam question will be based on it. There can be questions
outside the scope of the study guide, but mastery of the concepts here should enable one to earn an A on
an exam. When I say “I will not test on” something on this guide, that pertains only to lecture exams. Bear
in mind that some of those things will be included on lab exams. Even if I do not test on some of the
Clinical Insight boxes on exams, I do hope you will read them and feel you will find some of them to be
fascinating brief stories and/or relevant to your personal health or professional goals.
This exam will cover chapters 1‐4 in the textbook and Lectures PowerPoints. PowerPoints give
the important highlights of the major concepts to be learned. A good way to study for this exam
would be to
1) READ and outline the chapter and REVIEW PowerPoints.
2) Answer Review Questions at the end of each chapter.
3) Form Study Groups and answer all of the questions below. 4) Learn all bold face terms.
5) Above all....read and study for UNDERSTANDING!
Subject matter: General concepts, general chemistry, organic chemistry (biochemistry), and
biomedical word origins. Cells and Genetics & Cellular Functions
Reading: Chapters 1‐4 (but not Atlas A, which is covered in lab)
Expected exam date: Please see course syllabus
Chapter 1: Major Theme
‐Define anatomy and physiology and relate them to each other. Give an example of form is for
function. How does this relate to anatomy? How does it relate to physiology?
Anatomy: the study of structures (form)
Physiology: the study of function
Ex: where is the kidney; what the kidney does.
‐Know the key figures in the history of medicine and what they contributed (i.e. who invented the
simple microscope? Who was the first to publish the accurate anatomical textbook? Who coined
the term homeostasis?
Hippocrates: “the father of medicine”
Aristotle: one of the first philosophers to write about anatomy and physiology
Claudius Galen: wrote the most influential medical textbook in the ancient era
Andreas Vesalius: taught anatomy & did dissections on cadavers
William Harvey: studied blood circulation and wrote De Motu Cordis (On the motion of the heart)
Robert Hooke: designed the compound microscope
Antony van Leeuwenhoek: invented the simple (single lens) microscope
Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann: concluded that all organisms were composed of
cells (cell theory)
‐Define the all terms in method of study in anatomy and level of anatomy study (e.g. gross
anatomy, cytology, radiology etc.); give examples how one would go about studying each.
Inspection: looking at bodies appearance
Palpation: feeling a structure with the hands
Auscultation: listening to natural sounds made by the body
Percussion: tapping on the body, feeling for abnormal resistance, and listening to the emitted
sounds
Dissection: cutting and separating tissues to reveal their relationships
Cadaver: a dead human body
,Comparative Anatomy: the study of multiple species in order to examine similarities and
differences.
Exploratory Surgery: opening the body and looking at the inside
Medical Imaging: methods of viewing inside the body without surgery
Radiology: branch of medicine concerned with imaging
Gross Anatomy: structures that can be seen with a naked eye
Histology: study of tissues
Histopathology: the microscopic examination of tissues for signs of disease
Cytology: study of individuual cells
Ultrastructure: study of fine detail (revealed by electron microscope)
‐What is the method in physiology?
Neurophysiology: physiology of the nervous system
Endocrinology: physiology of hormones
Pathopysiology: mechanisms of disease
‐Describe two kinds of scientific method and their thought processes.
Inductive Method: process of making numerous observations until one feels confident in
drawing generalizations and predictions from them
Hyothetico- Deductive Method: an investigator begins by asking a question and forming a
hypothesis. From the hypothesis the researcher makes a deduction, typically in the form of “if-
then” prediction.
‐Explain what is meant by hypothesis, fact, law, and theory in science.
An educated speculation or possible answer to the question. A good hypothesis must be 1.)
consistent with what is already known and 2.) capable of being tested and possibly falsified by
evidence.
‐Why evolution is relevant to human A&P; what features of modern humans can be explained on
the basis of primate evolution (opposable thumb, prehensile, stereoscopic etc.)
Adaptations are features of anatomy, physiology, and behavior that have evolved in response to
these selection pressures and enable the organism to cope with the challenges of its
environment.
Opposable thumbs- cross the palm to touch the fingertips- enabled primates to hold small
objects and manipulate them more precisely than other mammals. This made the hands
prehensile (able to grasp branches by encircling them with the thumb and fingers).
Stereoscopic vision- depth perception- allowed for better hand-eye coordination.
‐List levels of human structure from the most complex to the simplest. Organ systems, organs,
tissues, cells, organelles, molecules, atoms.
‐What are the characteristics of all living things? Organisation, cellular composition, metabolism,
responsiveness and movement, homeostasis, development, reproduction, and evolution.
‐What are the levels of organization in living organisms?
‐Define the following terms: atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system.
Atom- the smallest particles with unique chemical properties.
Molecule- a particle composed of at least two atoms.
Organelles- microscopic structures in a cell that carry
, Cell- the smallest units of an organism that carry out all the basic functions of life; nothing
simpler than a cell is considered alive.
Tissue- a mass of similar cells and cell products that forms a discrete region of an organ and
performs a specific function.
Organ- a structure composed of two or more tissue types that work together to carry out a
particular function.
Organ System- a group of organs with a unique collective function, such as circulation,
respiration, or digestion.
‐What organs are involved in the urinary system, the cardiovascular, pulmonary, the lymphatic,
digestive, reproductive, and the endocrine systems other systems.,
Muscular- skeletal muscles
Urinary- kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
Respiratory- Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs.
Digestive- teeth, tongue, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, liver,
gallbladder, pancreas.
Endocrine- Pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, thymus, adrenal
glands, pancreas, testes, ovaries.
Cardiovascular- heart, lungs, arteries, veins
Reproductive- male: testes, epididymides, spermatic ducts, seminal vesicles, prostate,
bulbourethral glands, penis. Female: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands.
Skeletal- bones, cartilages, ligaments
Lymphatic- lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, thymus, spleen, and tonsils.
Integumentary- skin, hair, nails, cutaneous glands
Nervous- brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia
Circulatory- heart, blood vessels
‐Define homeostasis and explain why this concept is central to physiology. What are
components of homeostasis? This is the most important concept in this chapter and I
always test on.
Homeostasis- the body’s ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose it, and
thereby maintain relatively stable internal conditions.
Physiology is a group of mechanisms for maintaining homeostasis, and the loss of homeostatic
control is the cause of illness and death.
The internal state of the body is known as dynamic equilibrium ( balances change) where there
is a certain set point or average value for a given variable (37C).
Feedback loop- receptor: a structure that senses a change in the body; integrating center
(control) center: relates it to other available information; effector: the cell or organ that carries
out the final corrective action.
‐Define negative feedback and give examples of it and explain its importance to
homeostasis. Explain why stabilizing mechanisms are called negative feedback.
Negative feedback- a process in which the body senses a change and activates mechanisms
that negate or reverse it.
Example- If you become overheated, your brain (receptor) triggers heat-losing
mechanisms (control center), and vasodilation (the widening of blood vessels) occurs (effector).
