NSG 5003 ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - EXAM 1
COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW QUESTIONS
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTION
GUARANTEED SUCCESS.
1. A patient experiences a decrease in muscle mass due to prolonged immobilization. This
cellular adaptation is best described as:
A. Disuse atrophy
B. Pathologic atrophy
C. Hyperplasia
D. Physiologic atrophy
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Disuse atrophy occurs when skeletal muscle is not used for a
period of time, leading to decreased protein synthesis and increased protein catabolism.
2. Which cellular adaptation is characterized by the replacement of one mature cell type by
another, often less differentiated, cell type?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Dysplasia
,C. Anaplasia
D. Metaplasia
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Metaplasia is a reversible replacement of one mature cell type
by another, such as the change in bronchial lining due to smoking.
3. In the process of apoptosis, what is the primary mechanism that prevents an inflammatory
response?
A. Phagocytosis of apoptotic bodies
B. Cell swelling and lysis
C. Random DNA degradation
D. Leakage of lysosomal enzymes
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Apoptosis involves cellular shrinkage and the formation of
apoptotic bodies which are cleared by phagocytes without releasing pro-inflammatory
contents.
4. Which of the following is a characteristic of irreversible cell injury?
A. Increased ATP production
B. Ribosome detachment from ER
C. Calcium influx into the cytoplasm
, D. Cellular swelling
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Massive calcium influx into the cytoplasm is a hallmark of
irreversible injury, activating enzymes that destroy the cell membrane and cytoskeleton.
5. A patient with chronic hypertension shows an increase in the size of the left ventricle. This
is an example of:
A. Physiologic hypertrophy
B. Pathologic hypertrophy
C. Metaplasia
D. Compensatory hyperplasia
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Cardiac hypertrophy due to hypertension is pathologic because
it is a response to chronic hemodynamic overload, not exercise.
6. Free radicals cause cellular injury by which mechanism?
A. Promoting glycogen synthesis
B. Increasing intracellular pH
C. Inhibiting lactic acid production
D. Lipid peroxidation of membranes
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - EXAM 1
COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW QUESTIONS
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTION
GUARANTEED SUCCESS.
1. A patient experiences a decrease in muscle mass due to prolonged immobilization. This
cellular adaptation is best described as:
A. Disuse atrophy
B. Pathologic atrophy
C. Hyperplasia
D. Physiologic atrophy
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Disuse atrophy occurs when skeletal muscle is not used for a
period of time, leading to decreased protein synthesis and increased protein catabolism.
2. Which cellular adaptation is characterized by the replacement of one mature cell type by
another, often less differentiated, cell type?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Dysplasia
,C. Anaplasia
D. Metaplasia
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Metaplasia is a reversible replacement of one mature cell type
by another, such as the change in bronchial lining due to smoking.
3. In the process of apoptosis, what is the primary mechanism that prevents an inflammatory
response?
A. Phagocytosis of apoptotic bodies
B. Cell swelling and lysis
C. Random DNA degradation
D. Leakage of lysosomal enzymes
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Apoptosis involves cellular shrinkage and the formation of
apoptotic bodies which are cleared by phagocytes without releasing pro-inflammatory
contents.
4. Which of the following is a characteristic of irreversible cell injury?
A. Increased ATP production
B. Ribosome detachment from ER
C. Calcium influx into the cytoplasm
, D. Cellular swelling
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Massive calcium influx into the cytoplasm is a hallmark of
irreversible injury, activating enzymes that destroy the cell membrane and cytoskeleton.
5. A patient with chronic hypertension shows an increase in the size of the left ventricle. This
is an example of:
A. Physiologic hypertrophy
B. Pathologic hypertrophy
C. Metaplasia
D. Compensatory hyperplasia
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Cardiac hypertrophy due to hypertension is pathologic because
it is a response to chronic hemodynamic overload, not exercise.
6. Free radicals cause cellular injury by which mechanism?
A. Promoting glycogen synthesis
B. Increasing intracellular pH
C. Inhibiting lactic acid production
D. Lipid peroxidation of membranes
