NSG 5003 ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM EXAM
QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTION GUARANTEED SUCCESS.
1. Which process is a characteristic of cellular atrophy?
A. Decreased protein synthesis and increased protein degradation
B. Decreased autophagic vacuoles
C. Increased protein synthesis
D. Expansion of the endoplasmic reticulum
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Atrophy results from a combination of decreased protein
synthesis and increased protein catabolism via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway.
2. A patient is diagnosed with liquefactive necrosis. This type of necrosis is most commonly
associated with which organ?
A. Heart
B. Lungs
C. Kidneys
D. Brain
,Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Liquefactive necrosis is common in the brain due to the high
content of digestive hydrolytic enzymes and lipids.
3. What is the primary mechanism of cellular injury in hypoxic states?
A. Increased ATP production
B. Decreased intracellular calcium
C. Cellular dehydration
D. Failure of the sodium-potassium pump
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Hypoxia leads to reduced ATP, causing the Na+/K+ pump to fail,
which results in intracellular sodium accumulation and cellular swelling.
4. Which epigenetic mechanism involves the addition of a methyl group to a cytosine base?
A. Histone acetylation
B. DNA methylation
C. RNA interference
D. Chromatin remodeling
Answer: B
, Conceptual Explanation: DNA methylation involves attaching a methyl group to cytosine,
typically leading to gene silencing.
5. A person with Klinefelter syndrome has which of the following genetic compositions?
A. 45, X
B. 47, XXY
C. 47, XYY
D. 46, XX
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Klinefelter syndrome is characterized by the presence of at least
two X chromosomes and one Y chromosome (typically 47, XXY).
6. What is the most common cause of Down syndrome?
A. Paternal translocation
B. Maternal nondisjunction
C. Gene mutation on chromosome 21
D. Maternal deletion
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Approximately 95% of Down syndrome cases are caused by
nondisjunction during maternal meiosis.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM EXAM
QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTION GUARANTEED SUCCESS.
1. Which process is a characteristic of cellular atrophy?
A. Decreased protein synthesis and increased protein degradation
B. Decreased autophagic vacuoles
C. Increased protein synthesis
D. Expansion of the endoplasmic reticulum
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Atrophy results from a combination of decreased protein
synthesis and increased protein catabolism via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway.
2. A patient is diagnosed with liquefactive necrosis. This type of necrosis is most commonly
associated with which organ?
A. Heart
B. Lungs
C. Kidneys
D. Brain
,Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Liquefactive necrosis is common in the brain due to the high
content of digestive hydrolytic enzymes and lipids.
3. What is the primary mechanism of cellular injury in hypoxic states?
A. Increased ATP production
B. Decreased intracellular calcium
C. Cellular dehydration
D. Failure of the sodium-potassium pump
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Hypoxia leads to reduced ATP, causing the Na+/K+ pump to fail,
which results in intracellular sodium accumulation and cellular swelling.
4. Which epigenetic mechanism involves the addition of a methyl group to a cytosine base?
A. Histone acetylation
B. DNA methylation
C. RNA interference
D. Chromatin remodeling
Answer: B
, Conceptual Explanation: DNA methylation involves attaching a methyl group to cytosine,
typically leading to gene silencing.
5. A person with Klinefelter syndrome has which of the following genetic compositions?
A. 45, X
B. 47, XXY
C. 47, XYY
D. 46, XX
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Klinefelter syndrome is characterized by the presence of at least
two X chromosomes and one Y chromosome (typically 47, XXY).
6. What is the most common cause of Down syndrome?
A. Paternal translocation
B. Maternal nondisjunction
C. Gene mutation on chromosome 21
D. Maternal deletion
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Approximately 95% of Down syndrome cases are caused by
nondisjunction during maternal meiosis.
