NSG 5003 ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM EXAM
COMPREHENSIVE STUDY GUIDE
QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTION GUARANTEED SUCCESS.
1. A 45-year-old male with a long history of smoking shows a change in the bronchial
epithelium from ciliated columnar cells to stratified squamous cells on biopsy. Which cellular
adaptation is occurring?
A. Atrophy
B. Dysplasia
C. Metaplasia
D. Hyperplasia
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature cell type
by another mature cell type, often as an adaptation to chronic irritation, such as smoking.
2. Which mechanism is primarily responsible for the cellular swelling seen during hypoxic
injury?
A. Failure of the Na+/K+ ATPase pump
,B. Increased intracellular calcium levels
C. Decreased lactic acid production
D. Inhibition of the electron transport chain
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Hypoxia leads to reduced ATP production, causing the Na+/K+
pump to fail. This results in sodium accumulation inside the cell, drawing water in by
osmosis and causing swelling.
3. In the process of apoptosis, what distinguishes it from necrosis?
A. Presence of significant inflammatory response
B. Passive process occurring after injury
C. Rupture of the plasma membrane
D. Programmed cell death with cell shrinkage
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Apoptosis is an active, programmed process of cellular self-
destruction characterized by cell shrinkage and fragmentation into apoptotic bodies
without causing inflammation.
4. A child is diagnosed with Cystic Fibrosis, an autosomal recessive disorder. If both parents
are asymptomatic carriers, what is the probability that their next child will have the disease?
A. 0%
, B. 25%
C. 50%
D. 100%
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: In autosomal recessive inheritance, if both parents are carriers
(Aa x Aa), there is a 25% chance of the offspring being homozygous recessive (aa) and
affected.
5. Which of the following describes a missense mutation?
A. A mutation that results in a premature stop codon
B. A mutation that does not change the amino acid sequence
C. A mutation that replaces one amino acid with another in the protein sequence
D. An insertion of a nucleotide that shifts the entire reading frame
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: A missense mutation is a point mutation in which a single
nucleotide change results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid.
6. What is the primary characteristic of Turner Syndrome?
A. Trisomy 21
B. Monosomy X (45, X)
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM EXAM
COMPREHENSIVE STUDY GUIDE
QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTION GUARANTEED SUCCESS.
1. A 45-year-old male with a long history of smoking shows a change in the bronchial
epithelium from ciliated columnar cells to stratified squamous cells on biopsy. Which cellular
adaptation is occurring?
A. Atrophy
B. Dysplasia
C. Metaplasia
D. Hyperplasia
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature cell type
by another mature cell type, often as an adaptation to chronic irritation, such as smoking.
2. Which mechanism is primarily responsible for the cellular swelling seen during hypoxic
injury?
A. Failure of the Na+/K+ ATPase pump
,B. Increased intracellular calcium levels
C. Decreased lactic acid production
D. Inhibition of the electron transport chain
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Hypoxia leads to reduced ATP production, causing the Na+/K+
pump to fail. This results in sodium accumulation inside the cell, drawing water in by
osmosis and causing swelling.
3. In the process of apoptosis, what distinguishes it from necrosis?
A. Presence of significant inflammatory response
B. Passive process occurring after injury
C. Rupture of the plasma membrane
D. Programmed cell death with cell shrinkage
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Apoptosis is an active, programmed process of cellular self-
destruction characterized by cell shrinkage and fragmentation into apoptotic bodies
without causing inflammation.
4. A child is diagnosed with Cystic Fibrosis, an autosomal recessive disorder. If both parents
are asymptomatic carriers, what is the probability that their next child will have the disease?
A. 0%
, B. 25%
C. 50%
D. 100%
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: In autosomal recessive inheritance, if both parents are carriers
(Aa x Aa), there is a 25% chance of the offspring being homozygous recessive (aa) and
affected.
5. Which of the following describes a missense mutation?
A. A mutation that results in a premature stop codon
B. A mutation that does not change the amino acid sequence
C. A mutation that replaces one amino acid with another in the protein sequence
D. An insertion of a nucleotide that shifts the entire reading frame
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: A missense mutation is a point mutation in which a single
nucleotide change results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid.
6. What is the primary characteristic of Turner Syndrome?
A. Trisomy 21
B. Monosomy X (45, X)
