LING 115 LINGUISTICS FINAL FULLY SOLVED
TEST PAPER GRADED A+
◉ Immigrant communities....
Answer: Often speak a minority language but can deprive it of
prestige because it's just something they do at home
◉ Places where a minority language exists with a dominant
language.
Answer: Basque in Spain and indigenous languages in Americas. If
everyone in Spain switches to Spanish, then Basque is done
◉ 3 generation effect.
Answer: 1st generation learns just enough of majority language for
survival skills, 2nd generation is bilingual and does translating for
parents, and 3rd generation is loss of minority language and move to
majority
◉ Oberwart language shift.
Answer: Changed hands from Hungary to Austria at the end of WWI,
1st generation wanted kids to be proficient in German for success
and needed to learn German to communicate with the government.
2nd generation uses German for friends and for their kids and for
,government officials. Third generation only speaks survival skills
Hungarian to talk to elders (only using Hungarian for church and
with grandparents)
◉ Reasons for language shift.
Answer: Demographic factors, economic factors, size of minority
group, social factors, political factors, school, and intermarriage
◉ Demographic factors.
Answer: Shift to majority if in urban setting, preserve minority if
rural
◉ Economic factors.
Answer: Shift to majority language if there are jobs in majority
language, preserve minority if there are jobs in it
◉ Size of minority group.
Answer: If the group is small then shift to majority language, else
preserve minority language
◉ Social pressures.
Answer: Peer pressure to drop minority language or not be
associated with it will result in shift to majority language. If family
and friends use the minority language it will be preserved
,◉ Political factors.
Answer: Government pressure to switch to the majority language
will result in shift (Kikuyu in Kenya punishment for speaking it,
Welsh in Great Britain with the Welsh Knott), and preserve minority
language if the government supports it
◉ School Factors.
Answer: If schooling requires the majority language, shift, else if
school teaches minority language then preserve
◉ Intermarriage factors.
Answer: Shift to majority language if marry into majority language,
preserve if the marriage is only between minority speakers
◉ Shift minority to majority language in the direction of....
Answer: Overt prestige
◉ If a language is lost.
Answer: Culture and identity are lost
◉ 52% of speakers in the world speak only......
Answer: 20 languages
, ◉ 96% of the world's languages are spoken by.
Answer: 4% of speakers. Of these, 47% have less than 10,000
speakers
◉ Langauge-Threatened.
Answer: Used by all generations but losing speakers
◉ Langauge-Endangered.
Answer: No children speakers, gone when current generation of
adults are gone
◉ Language-Moribund.
Answer: No children speakers, no speakers of child bearing years
◉ Language death in Australia and North America.
Answer: 70/90 Aboriginal Languages are endangered, and 155/175
North American are endangered
◉ The continent with the fewest langauges.
Answer: Europe
TEST PAPER GRADED A+
◉ Immigrant communities....
Answer: Often speak a minority language but can deprive it of
prestige because it's just something they do at home
◉ Places where a minority language exists with a dominant
language.
Answer: Basque in Spain and indigenous languages in Americas. If
everyone in Spain switches to Spanish, then Basque is done
◉ 3 generation effect.
Answer: 1st generation learns just enough of majority language for
survival skills, 2nd generation is bilingual and does translating for
parents, and 3rd generation is loss of minority language and move to
majority
◉ Oberwart language shift.
Answer: Changed hands from Hungary to Austria at the end of WWI,
1st generation wanted kids to be proficient in German for success
and needed to learn German to communicate with the government.
2nd generation uses German for friends and for their kids and for
,government officials. Third generation only speaks survival skills
Hungarian to talk to elders (only using Hungarian for church and
with grandparents)
◉ Reasons for language shift.
Answer: Demographic factors, economic factors, size of minority
group, social factors, political factors, school, and intermarriage
◉ Demographic factors.
Answer: Shift to majority if in urban setting, preserve minority if
rural
◉ Economic factors.
Answer: Shift to majority language if there are jobs in majority
language, preserve minority if there are jobs in it
◉ Size of minority group.
Answer: If the group is small then shift to majority language, else
preserve minority language
◉ Social pressures.
Answer: Peer pressure to drop minority language or not be
associated with it will result in shift to majority language. If family
and friends use the minority language it will be preserved
,◉ Political factors.
Answer: Government pressure to switch to the majority language
will result in shift (Kikuyu in Kenya punishment for speaking it,
Welsh in Great Britain with the Welsh Knott), and preserve minority
language if the government supports it
◉ School Factors.
Answer: If schooling requires the majority language, shift, else if
school teaches minority language then preserve
◉ Intermarriage factors.
Answer: Shift to majority language if marry into majority language,
preserve if the marriage is only between minority speakers
◉ Shift minority to majority language in the direction of....
Answer: Overt prestige
◉ If a language is lost.
Answer: Culture and identity are lost
◉ 52% of speakers in the world speak only......
Answer: 20 languages
, ◉ 96% of the world's languages are spoken by.
Answer: 4% of speakers. Of these, 47% have less than 10,000
speakers
◉ Langauge-Threatened.
Answer: Used by all generations but losing speakers
◉ Langauge-Endangered.
Answer: No children speakers, gone when current generation of
adults are gone
◉ Language-Moribund.
Answer: No children speakers, no speakers of child bearing years
◉ Language death in Australia and North America.
Answer: 70/90 Aboriginal Languages are endangered, and 155/175
North American are endangered
◉ The continent with the fewest langauges.
Answer: Europe
