NR507/ NR 507 FINAL EXAM (2026/2027 UPDATE)
ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY – CHAMBERLAIN
– 100 VERIFIED QUESTIONS & ANSWERS (WEEKS
5–8)
,1. Which cellular adaptation is an increase in cell size?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Hypertrophy
C. Metaplasia
D. Dysplasia
Answer: B. Hypertrophy
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size, often due to increased
workload, while hyperplasia increases cell number.
2. Which cellular change is a reversible replacement of one mature cell type
by another?
A. Atrophy
B. Hypertrophy
C. Metaplasia
D. Neoplasia
Answer: C. Metaplasia
Rationale: Metaplasia is a reversible substitution of one differentiated cell
type for another, often in response to chronic irritation.
3. Which term describes disordered cellular growth with variation in size,
shape, and organization?
A. Dysplasia
B. Hyperplasia
C. Anaplasia
D. Metaplasia
Answer: A. Dysplasia
, Rationale: Dysplasia is characterized by abnormal cell size, shape, and
arrangement and is considered a precancerous change.
4. Which process is programmed cell death that does not usually trigger
inflammation?
A. Necrosis
B. Apoptosis
C. Coagulative necrosis
D. Liquefactive necrosis
Answer: B. Apoptosis
Rationale: Apoptosis is energy-dependent programmed cell death that
avoids significant inflammation, unlike necrosis.
5. What is the primary mechanism of cell injury in ischemia?
A. Increased oxygen delivery
B. ATP depletion
C. Enhanced protein synthesis
D. Reduced free radical production
Answer: B. ATP depletion
Rationale: Ischemia reduces oxygen and nutrient delivery, leading to ATP
depletion and failure of ion pumps.
6. Which substance neutralizes free radicals?
A. Antioxidant
B. Protease
C. Cytokine
D. Complement
, Answer: A. Antioxidant
Rationale: Antioxidants donate electrons to stabilize free radicals and
prevent oxidative damage.
7. Which cell is the primary phagocyte in acute inflammation?
A. Neutrophil
B. Plasma cell
C. Mast cell
D. Fibroblast
Answer: A. Neutrophil
Rationale: Neutrophils are the first responders in acute inflammation and
are highly phagocytic.
8. Which immunoglobulin is most associated with type I hypersensitivity?
A. IgG
B. IgM
C. IgE
D. IgA
Answer: C. IgE
Rationale: IgE binds mast cells and basophils, triggering histamine release
in type I hypersensitivity.
9. Which hypersensitivity reaction is mediated by T cells?
A. Type I
B. Type II
C. Type III
D. Type IV
ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY – CHAMBERLAIN
– 100 VERIFIED QUESTIONS & ANSWERS (WEEKS
5–8)
,1. Which cellular adaptation is an increase in cell size?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Hypertrophy
C. Metaplasia
D. Dysplasia
Answer: B. Hypertrophy
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size, often due to increased
workload, while hyperplasia increases cell number.
2. Which cellular change is a reversible replacement of one mature cell type
by another?
A. Atrophy
B. Hypertrophy
C. Metaplasia
D. Neoplasia
Answer: C. Metaplasia
Rationale: Metaplasia is a reversible substitution of one differentiated cell
type for another, often in response to chronic irritation.
3. Which term describes disordered cellular growth with variation in size,
shape, and organization?
A. Dysplasia
B. Hyperplasia
C. Anaplasia
D. Metaplasia
Answer: A. Dysplasia
, Rationale: Dysplasia is characterized by abnormal cell size, shape, and
arrangement and is considered a precancerous change.
4. Which process is programmed cell death that does not usually trigger
inflammation?
A. Necrosis
B. Apoptosis
C. Coagulative necrosis
D. Liquefactive necrosis
Answer: B. Apoptosis
Rationale: Apoptosis is energy-dependent programmed cell death that
avoids significant inflammation, unlike necrosis.
5. What is the primary mechanism of cell injury in ischemia?
A. Increased oxygen delivery
B. ATP depletion
C. Enhanced protein synthesis
D. Reduced free radical production
Answer: B. ATP depletion
Rationale: Ischemia reduces oxygen and nutrient delivery, leading to ATP
depletion and failure of ion pumps.
6. Which substance neutralizes free radicals?
A. Antioxidant
B. Protease
C. Cytokine
D. Complement
, Answer: A. Antioxidant
Rationale: Antioxidants donate electrons to stabilize free radicals and
prevent oxidative damage.
7. Which cell is the primary phagocyte in acute inflammation?
A. Neutrophil
B. Plasma cell
C. Mast cell
D. Fibroblast
Answer: A. Neutrophil
Rationale: Neutrophils are the first responders in acute inflammation and
are highly phagocytic.
8. Which immunoglobulin is most associated with type I hypersensitivity?
A. IgG
B. IgM
C. IgE
D. IgA
Answer: C. IgE
Rationale: IgE binds mast cells and basophils, triggering histamine release
in type I hypersensitivity.
9. Which hypersensitivity reaction is mediated by T cells?
A. Type I
B. Type II
C. Type III
D. Type IV
