University of South Florida NUR 3125 Pathophysiology Final
Practice Exam | 120 Questions with Answers and Rationales
Cellular adaptation and injury
1. Which process best characterizes cellular hypertrophy?
A. Reactive oxygen species exceed antioxidant defenses
B. Increase in individual cell size
C. Increase in the number of cells
D. Disordered cellular growth with atypia and loss of organization
2. Acervical specimen shows atypical cells with irregular organization but no
invasion through the basement membrane. Which change is described?
A. Cellular hypertrophy
B. Oxidative stress
C. Dysplasia
D. Cellular hyperplasia
3. Aweightlifter develops larger skeletal muscle fibers without an increase in
fiber number. Which adaptation is described?
A. Oxidative stress
B. Cellular hyperplasia
C. Dysplasia
D. Cellular hypertrophy
4. Which process best characterizes dysplasia?
A. Disordered cellular growth with atypia and loss of organization
B. Increase in individual cell size
C. Reactive oxygen species exceed antioxidant defenses
D. Increase in the number of cells
5. A
cell develops lipid peroxidation and protein damage because free-radical
generation exceeds its antioxidant capacity. Which process is present?
NUR 3125 | Pathophysiology | Final | Original practice 1
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, A. Oxidative stress
B. Dysplasia
C. Cellular hypertrophy
D. Cellular hyperplasia
6. Which process best characterizes oxidative stress?
A. Increase in the number of cells
B. Disordered cellular growth with atypia and loss of organization
C. Increase in individual cell size
D. Reactive oxygen species exceed antioxidant defenses
Genetics and neoplasia
NUR 3125 | Pathophysiology | Final | Original practice 2
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, 7. A mutation leaves a growth-signaling protein persistently active even without
its usual stimulus. Which cancer-related alteration is illustrated?
A. Autosomal recessive inheritance
B. Autosomal dominant inheritance
C. Oncogene activation
D. Carcinoma in situ
8. Abiopsy shows malignant epithelial cells confined to their layer, without stromal
invasion. Which term best describes the lesion?
A. Autosomal dominant inheritance
B. Oncogene activation
C. Autosomal recessive inheritance
D. Carcinoma in situ
9. Which process best characterizes carcinoma in situ?
A. Excess activity of a growth-promoting gene
B. Malignant epithelial change confined above the basement membrane
C. A pathogenic variant in one autosomal allele can produce the phenotype
D. Disease expression generally requires pathogenic variants in both alleles
10. Which process best characterizes autosomal dominant inheritance?
A. Excess activity of a growth-promoting gene
B. A pathogenic variant in one autosomal allele can produce the phenotype
C. Disease expression generally requires pathogenic variants in both alleles
D. Malignant epithelial change confined above the basement membrane
11.An affected heterozygous parent and an unaffected parent have a 50% risk of an
affected child in each pregnancy for a fully penetrant trait. Which inheritance
pattern fits?
A. Autosomal dominant inheritance
B. Oncogene activation
C. Carcinoma in situ
NUR 3125 | Pathophysiology | Final | Original practice 3
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, D. Autosomal recessive inheritance
12. Which process best characterizes oncogene activation?
A. A pathogenic variant in one autosomal allele can produce the phenotype
B. Disease expression generally requires pathogenic variants in both alleles
C. Malignant epithelial change confined above the basement membrane
D. Excess activity of a growth-promoting gene
Inflammation and immunity
NUR 3125 | Pathophysiology | Final | Original practice 4
material
Practice Exam | 120 Questions with Answers and Rationales
Cellular adaptation and injury
1. Which process best characterizes cellular hypertrophy?
A. Reactive oxygen species exceed antioxidant defenses
B. Increase in individual cell size
C. Increase in the number of cells
D. Disordered cellular growth with atypia and loss of organization
2. Acervical specimen shows atypical cells with irregular organization but no
invasion through the basement membrane. Which change is described?
A. Cellular hypertrophy
B. Oxidative stress
C. Dysplasia
D. Cellular hyperplasia
3. Aweightlifter develops larger skeletal muscle fibers without an increase in
fiber number. Which adaptation is described?
A. Oxidative stress
B. Cellular hyperplasia
C. Dysplasia
D. Cellular hypertrophy
4. Which process best characterizes dysplasia?
A. Disordered cellular growth with atypia and loss of organization
B. Increase in individual cell size
C. Reactive oxygen species exceed antioxidant defenses
D. Increase in the number of cells
5. A
cell develops lipid peroxidation and protein damage because free-radical
generation exceeds its antioxidant capacity. Which process is present?
NUR 3125 | Pathophysiology | Final | Original practice 1
material
, A. Oxidative stress
B. Dysplasia
C. Cellular hypertrophy
D. Cellular hyperplasia
6. Which process best characterizes oxidative stress?
A. Increase in the number of cells
B. Disordered cellular growth with atypia and loss of organization
C. Increase in individual cell size
D. Reactive oxygen species exceed antioxidant defenses
Genetics and neoplasia
NUR 3125 | Pathophysiology | Final | Original practice 2
material
, 7. A mutation leaves a growth-signaling protein persistently active even without
its usual stimulus. Which cancer-related alteration is illustrated?
A. Autosomal recessive inheritance
B. Autosomal dominant inheritance
C. Oncogene activation
D. Carcinoma in situ
8. Abiopsy shows malignant epithelial cells confined to their layer, without stromal
invasion. Which term best describes the lesion?
A. Autosomal dominant inheritance
B. Oncogene activation
C. Autosomal recessive inheritance
D. Carcinoma in situ
9. Which process best characterizes carcinoma in situ?
A. Excess activity of a growth-promoting gene
B. Malignant epithelial change confined above the basement membrane
C. A pathogenic variant in one autosomal allele can produce the phenotype
D. Disease expression generally requires pathogenic variants in both alleles
10. Which process best characterizes autosomal dominant inheritance?
A. Excess activity of a growth-promoting gene
B. A pathogenic variant in one autosomal allele can produce the phenotype
C. Disease expression generally requires pathogenic variants in both alleles
D. Malignant epithelial change confined above the basement membrane
11.An affected heterozygous parent and an unaffected parent have a 50% risk of an
affected child in each pregnancy for a fully penetrant trait. Which inheritance
pattern fits?
A. Autosomal dominant inheritance
B. Oncogene activation
C. Carcinoma in situ
NUR 3125 | Pathophysiology | Final | Original practice 3
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, D. Autosomal recessive inheritance
12. Which process best characterizes oncogene activation?
A. A pathogenic variant in one autosomal allele can produce the phenotype
B. Disease expression generally requires pathogenic variants in both alleles
C. Malignant epithelial change confined above the basement membrane
D. Excess activity of a growth-promoting gene
Inflammation and immunity
NUR 3125 | Pathophysiology | Final | Original practice 4
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