SOLUTIONS MANUAL
** All Chapters included
** Review Questions
** Critical Thinking Questions
** Pretest QAs
,Table of Contents are given below
1. Organization of the Body
2. Homeostasis
3. Chemical Basis of Life
4. Biomolecules
5. Cell Structure
6. Cell Function
7. Cell Growth & Development
8. Introduction to Tissues
9. Tissue Types
10. Skin
11. Skeletal Tissues
12. Axial Skeleton
13. Appendicular Skeleton
14. Articulations
15. Axial Muscles
16. Appendicular Muscles
17. Muscle Contraction
18. Nervous System Cells
19. Nervous Signaling
20. Central Nervous System
21. Peripheral Nervous System
22. Autonomic Nervous System
23. General Senses
24. Special Senses
25. Endocrine Regulation
26. Endocrine Glands
27. Blood
28. Heart
29. Blood Vessels
30. Circulation of Blood
31. Lymphatic System
32. Innate Immunity
33. Adaptive Immunity
34. Stress
35. Respiratory Tract
36. Ventilation
37. Gas Exchange & Transport
38. Upper Digestive Tract
39. Lower Digestive Tract
40. Digestion & Absorption
41. Nutrition & Metabolism
42. Urinary System
43. Fluid & Electrolyte Balance
44. Acid-Base Balance
45. Genital Systems
46. Reproduction
47. Growth, Development & Aging
48. Genetics & Heredity
49. Human Microbiome
,1 The Body as a Whole
Review Questions
1. Anatomy is the study of the body’s structure and the relationship of its parts. Physiology is the study
of functions of the living organism and its parts.
2. Chemical level: Atoms, molecules, and macromolecules that make up the body. The text uses
cytoplasm as an example of the chemical level.
Organelle level: Collections of molecules organized in such a way that they can perform an individual
function. Mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, or any other organelles are
examples.
Cellular level: Cells are the smallest units that possess and exhibit the basic characteristics of living
matter. Each cell is surrounded by a membrane and contains a single nucleus surrounded by
cytoplasm. The cytoplasm contains numerous organelles. Muscle, bone, nerve, or any other cells are
examples.
Tissue level: An organization of many similar cells specialized to perform a certain function. Epithelial,
muscle, connective, and nervous tissues are examples.
Organ level: An organization of several different tissues arranged so that together they can perform a
specialized function. Lung, heart, brain, or any other organs are examples.
System level: Varying numbers and kinds of organs arranged so that together they can perform
complex functions for the body. Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, or any other organ systems are
examples.
Organism level: An integrated assemblage of interactive structures able to survive and flourish.
Human beings or any other organisms are examples.
3. Integumentary system: The primary function is protection. Other functions include regulating body
temperature, synthesizing chemicals, and acting as a sense organ.
Skeletal system: The primary function is to support the body. Other functions include protection,
allowance for movement, mineral storage, and blood cell formation.
Muscular system: The primary function is movement of the body. Muscles also generate heat for the
body.
Nervous system: The primary functions are communication, integration, and control of body functions.
Endocrine system: The primary functions are also communication, integration, and control of body
functions but in a slower, longer-lasting form than the nervous system provides.
Cardiovascular system: The primary function is the transport of substances to various parts of the
body.
Lymphatic/immune system: The primary function of the lymphatic system is the movement of tissue
fluid and large molecules back to general circulation. The primary function of the immune system is
conferring protection and resistance to disease.
Respiratory system: The primary function is the exchange of oxygen for carbon dioxide.
Digestive system: The primary function is the digestion of food, absorption of food, and elimination of
undigested residue.
Urinary system: The primary function is to clean the blood of waste products. Other functions are to
maintain the electrolyte, water, and acid-base balance of the body.
Genital or reproductive system: The primary function is to ensure the survival of the genetic code and
the species.
TEACH Answer Key
PATTON: Anatomy & Physiology, 12th Edition
, 4. Anatomical position is a position in which the body is standing erect with arms at the side, palms
forward, and the head and feet pointing forward. This is the reference position that gives meaning to
the directional terms used to describe the body parts and regions.
5. Bilateral symmetry means that the right and left sides of the body are mirror images of each other,
and only one plane can divide the body into left and right sides. Ipsilateral refers to a body part on the
same side of the body. Contralateral refers to a body part on the opposite side of the body.
6. Somatotype is used to describe a particular category of body build or physique. The three major
somatotype categories are endomorph, mesomorph, and ectomorph. Endomorphs are more round
shaped, mesomorphs are more muscular, and ectomorphs are more lean and linear. The neighbor is
an endomorph, his son is an ectomorph, and his daughter is a mesomorph.
7. Anterior: The front or in front of
Distal: Away from or farthest from the trunk or point of origin of a body part
Sagittal plane: A lengthwise plane running from front to back, dividing the body into right and left
sides
Medial: Toward the midline of the body
Dorsal: Toward the back
Coronal plane: A lengthwise plane running from side to side, dividing the body into anterior and
posterior sections
Organ: Several different kinds of tissues arranged so that together they can perform a special
function
Parietal peritoneum: The membrane lining the inside of the abdominal cavity
Superior: Toward the head or above
Tissue: A group of similar cells specialized to perform a certain function
8. The mediastinum is located in the midpoint of the thoracic cavity between the right and left pleural
cavities. If injured in a car accident, the heart (in pericardial cavity), aorta, trachea, and right and left
bronchi could be damaged.
9. The principle of complementarity of structure and function states that each structure has a particular
size, shape, form, or placement in the body that makes it especially efficient at performing a unique,
specialized activity. The red blood cells are designed without subcellular structures to maximize their
carrying capacity of oxygen.
Critical Thinking Questions
1. Digestion is the process by which complex food particles are broken down into simpler substances.
Through the circulatory system, these substances (nutrients) are transported from one body part to
another. Growth occurs as a result of these nutrients increasing the size or number of cells.
2. An endomorph with a waist-to-hip ratio of 1:2 would be predisposed to heart disease, stroke, high
blood pressure, and diabetes.
3. An image of all nine regions is best, because the large intestine is large and not in exactly the same
position in every body. At a minimum, an image that includes these regions is advisable: right iliac,
right lumbar, right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, and umbilical.
4. From the largest to the smallest, the urinary bladder can be placed in the following cavities: ventral
cavity, abdominopelvic cavity, and pelvic cavity. The kidney and parts of ureters are retroperitoneal
while the bladder is covered superiorly by the peritoneal membrane but is located below the
peritoneal cavity.
TEACH Answer Key
PATTON: Anatomy & Physiology, 12th Edition
** All Chapters included
** Review Questions
** Critical Thinking Questions
** Pretest QAs
,Table of Contents are given below
1. Organization of the Body
2. Homeostasis
3. Chemical Basis of Life
4. Biomolecules
5. Cell Structure
6. Cell Function
7. Cell Growth & Development
8. Introduction to Tissues
9. Tissue Types
10. Skin
11. Skeletal Tissues
12. Axial Skeleton
13. Appendicular Skeleton
14. Articulations
15. Axial Muscles
16. Appendicular Muscles
17. Muscle Contraction
18. Nervous System Cells
19. Nervous Signaling
20. Central Nervous System
21. Peripheral Nervous System
22. Autonomic Nervous System
23. General Senses
24. Special Senses
25. Endocrine Regulation
26. Endocrine Glands
27. Blood
28. Heart
29. Blood Vessels
30. Circulation of Blood
31. Lymphatic System
32. Innate Immunity
33. Adaptive Immunity
34. Stress
35. Respiratory Tract
36. Ventilation
37. Gas Exchange & Transport
38. Upper Digestive Tract
39. Lower Digestive Tract
40. Digestion & Absorption
41. Nutrition & Metabolism
42. Urinary System
43. Fluid & Electrolyte Balance
44. Acid-Base Balance
45. Genital Systems
46. Reproduction
47. Growth, Development & Aging
48. Genetics & Heredity
49. Human Microbiome
,1 The Body as a Whole
Review Questions
1. Anatomy is the study of the body’s structure and the relationship of its parts. Physiology is the study
of functions of the living organism and its parts.
2. Chemical level: Atoms, molecules, and macromolecules that make up the body. The text uses
cytoplasm as an example of the chemical level.
Organelle level: Collections of molecules organized in such a way that they can perform an individual
function. Mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, or any other organelles are
examples.
Cellular level: Cells are the smallest units that possess and exhibit the basic characteristics of living
matter. Each cell is surrounded by a membrane and contains a single nucleus surrounded by
cytoplasm. The cytoplasm contains numerous organelles. Muscle, bone, nerve, or any other cells are
examples.
Tissue level: An organization of many similar cells specialized to perform a certain function. Epithelial,
muscle, connective, and nervous tissues are examples.
Organ level: An organization of several different tissues arranged so that together they can perform a
specialized function. Lung, heart, brain, or any other organs are examples.
System level: Varying numbers and kinds of organs arranged so that together they can perform
complex functions for the body. Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, or any other organ systems are
examples.
Organism level: An integrated assemblage of interactive structures able to survive and flourish.
Human beings or any other organisms are examples.
3. Integumentary system: The primary function is protection. Other functions include regulating body
temperature, synthesizing chemicals, and acting as a sense organ.
Skeletal system: The primary function is to support the body. Other functions include protection,
allowance for movement, mineral storage, and blood cell formation.
Muscular system: The primary function is movement of the body. Muscles also generate heat for the
body.
Nervous system: The primary functions are communication, integration, and control of body functions.
Endocrine system: The primary functions are also communication, integration, and control of body
functions but in a slower, longer-lasting form than the nervous system provides.
Cardiovascular system: The primary function is the transport of substances to various parts of the
body.
Lymphatic/immune system: The primary function of the lymphatic system is the movement of tissue
fluid and large molecules back to general circulation. The primary function of the immune system is
conferring protection and resistance to disease.
Respiratory system: The primary function is the exchange of oxygen for carbon dioxide.
Digestive system: The primary function is the digestion of food, absorption of food, and elimination of
undigested residue.
Urinary system: The primary function is to clean the blood of waste products. Other functions are to
maintain the electrolyte, water, and acid-base balance of the body.
Genital or reproductive system: The primary function is to ensure the survival of the genetic code and
the species.
TEACH Answer Key
PATTON: Anatomy & Physiology, 12th Edition
, 4. Anatomical position is a position in which the body is standing erect with arms at the side, palms
forward, and the head and feet pointing forward. This is the reference position that gives meaning to
the directional terms used to describe the body parts and regions.
5. Bilateral symmetry means that the right and left sides of the body are mirror images of each other,
and only one plane can divide the body into left and right sides. Ipsilateral refers to a body part on the
same side of the body. Contralateral refers to a body part on the opposite side of the body.
6. Somatotype is used to describe a particular category of body build or physique. The three major
somatotype categories are endomorph, mesomorph, and ectomorph. Endomorphs are more round
shaped, mesomorphs are more muscular, and ectomorphs are more lean and linear. The neighbor is
an endomorph, his son is an ectomorph, and his daughter is a mesomorph.
7. Anterior: The front or in front of
Distal: Away from or farthest from the trunk or point of origin of a body part
Sagittal plane: A lengthwise plane running from front to back, dividing the body into right and left
sides
Medial: Toward the midline of the body
Dorsal: Toward the back
Coronal plane: A lengthwise plane running from side to side, dividing the body into anterior and
posterior sections
Organ: Several different kinds of tissues arranged so that together they can perform a special
function
Parietal peritoneum: The membrane lining the inside of the abdominal cavity
Superior: Toward the head or above
Tissue: A group of similar cells specialized to perform a certain function
8. The mediastinum is located in the midpoint of the thoracic cavity between the right and left pleural
cavities. If injured in a car accident, the heart (in pericardial cavity), aorta, trachea, and right and left
bronchi could be damaged.
9. The principle of complementarity of structure and function states that each structure has a particular
size, shape, form, or placement in the body that makes it especially efficient at performing a unique,
specialized activity. The red blood cells are designed without subcellular structures to maximize their
carrying capacity of oxygen.
Critical Thinking Questions
1. Digestion is the process by which complex food particles are broken down into simpler substances.
Through the circulatory system, these substances (nutrients) are transported from one body part to
another. Growth occurs as a result of these nutrients increasing the size or number of cells.
2. An endomorph with a waist-to-hip ratio of 1:2 would be predisposed to heart disease, stroke, high
blood pressure, and diabetes.
3. An image of all nine regions is best, because the large intestine is large and not in exactly the same
position in every body. At a minimum, an image that includes these regions is advisable: right iliac,
right lumbar, right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, and umbilical.
4. From the largest to the smallest, the urinary bladder can be placed in the following cavities: ventral
cavity, abdominopelvic cavity, and pelvic cavity. The kidney and parts of ureters are retroperitoneal
while the bladder is covered superiorly by the peritoneal membrane but is located below the
peritoneal cavity.
TEACH Answer Key
PATTON: Anatomy & Physiology, 12th Edition
