CHAPTER1:
ANSWERS AND RATIONALES
1. Which change represents the primary impetus for the end of the era of
the female lay healer?
1. Perception of health promotion as an obligation
2. Development of a clinical nurse specialist position statement
3. Foundation of the American Association of Nurse-Midwives
4. Emergence of a medical establishment
Page: 4
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1. This is incorrect. Lay healers traditionally viewed their role as
being a function of their community obligations; however, the
emerging medical establishment viewed healing as a
commodity. The emergence of a male medical establishment
represents the primary impetus for the end of the era
of the female lay healer.
2. This is incorrect. The American Nurses Association (ANA)
position statement on educational requirements for the clinical
nurse specialist (CNS) was developed in 1965; the ANA’s
position statement on the role of the CNS was issued in 1976.
The emergence of a male medical establishment represents
the primary impetus for the end of the era of the female lay
healer.
3. This is incorrect. The American Association of Nurse-Midwives
(AANM) was founded in 1928. The emergence of a male medical
establishment represents
the primary impetus for the end of the era of the female lay
healer.
4. This is correct. The emergence of a male medical establishment
represents the primary impetus for the end of the era of the
female lay healer. Whereas lay healers viewed their role as being
a function of their community obligations, the emerging medical
establishment viewed healing as a commodity. The era of the
female lay healer began and ended in the 19th century. The
American Association of Nurse-Midwives (AANM) was founded in
1928. The American Nurses Association (ANA) position
statement on educational requirements for the clinical nurse
specialist (CNS) was developed in 1965; the ANA’s position
statement on the role of the CNS was issued in
1976.
2. The beginning of modern nursing is traditionally considered to have
begun with which event?
1|Page
, 1. Establishment of the first school of nursing
2. Incorporation of midwifery by the lay healer
3. Establishment of the Frontier Nursing Service (FNS)
4. Creation of the American Association of Nurse-Midwives (AANM)
Answer: 1
Pages: 4–5
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1. This is correct. Traditionally, modern nursing is considered to
have begun in 1873, when the first three U.S. training schools for
nurses opened. The role of the lay healer as a midwife is
documented to have occurred in the 19th century, before the
establishment of schools of nursing. The Frontier Nursing Service
(FNS), which provided nurse-midwifery services, was established
in 1925. In 1928, the Kentucky State Association of Midwives,
which was an outgrowth of the FNS, became the American
Association of Nurse-Midwives
(AANM).
2. This is incorrect. The role of the lay healer as a midwife is
documented to have occurred in the 19th century, before the
establishment of schools of nursing. Traditionally, modern
nursing is considered to have begun in 1873,
when the first three U.S. training schools for nurses opened.
3. This is incorrect. The Frontier Nursing Service (FNS), which
provided nurse- midwifery services, was established in 1925.
Traditionally, modern nursing is considered to have begun in
1873, when the first three U.S. training schools
for nurses opened.
4. This is incorrect. In 1928, the Kentucky State Association of
Midwives, which was an outgrowth of the FNS, became the
American Association of Nurse- Midwives (AANM). Modern
nursing is considered to have begun in 1873, at
which time the first three U.S. training schools for nurses opened.
3. In 1910, which factors most significantly influenced the midwifery
profession? Select all that apply.
1. Strict licensing requirements
2. Negative public perception
3. Dedicated funding for training
4. Poor maternal-child outcomes
5. Mandatory professional supervision
Answer: 2, 4
Pages: 6–7
2|Page
, Feedback
1. This is incorrect. In 1910, the midwifery profession was
significantly influenced by poor maternal-child outcomes and a
public perception as unprofessional. Though legislation
ultimately was passed to tighten requirements related to
licensing and supervision of midwives, in the early 20th century,
midwives were largely unregulated and generally perceived as
unprofessional.
3|Page
, 2. This is correct. In 1910, the midwifery profession was
significantly influenced by poor maternal-child outcomes and a
public perception as unprofessional. At that time, approximately
50% of all U.S. births were reportedly attended by midwives.
However, especially with regard to perinatal health indicators,
the national population’s general health was poor. Unfavorable
outcomes among both mothers and infants were attributed to
midwives who, at that time, were largely unregulated and
generally perceived as unprofessional. Poor maternal-child
outcomes, negative perceptions of midwives, obstetricians’
targeted efforts to take control of the birthing process, and a
movement away from home births prompted major changes.
Legislation was passed to tighten requirements related to
licensing and supervision of midwives. One aim of the Sheppard-
Towner Maternity and Infancy Act involved allotting funds to
train public health nurses in midwifery; however, the bill lapsed in
1929.
3. This is incorrect. Goals of the Sheppard-Towner Maternity and
Infancy Act included allocating funds to train public health
nurses in midwifery, but the bill lapsed in 1929. In 1910, poor
maternal-child outcomes and a public perception as
unprofessional significantly influenced the midwifery
profession.
4. This is correct. In 1910, the midwifery profession was
significantly influenced by poor maternal-child outcomes and a
public perception as unprofessional. At that time, approximately
50% of all U.S. births were reportedly attended by midwives.
However, especially with regard to perinatal health indicators,
the national population’s general health was poor. Unfavorable
outcomes among both mothers and infants were attributed to
midwives who, at that time, were largely unregulated and
generally perceived as unprofessional. Poor maternal-child
outcomes, negative perceptions of midwives, obstetricians’
targeted efforts to take control of the birthing process, and a
movement away from home births prompted major changes.
Legislation was passed to tighten requirements related to
licensing and supervision of midwives. One aim of the Sheppard-
Towner Maternity and Infancy Act involved allotting funds to
train public health nurses in midwifery; however, the bill lapsed in
1929.
5. This is incorrect. In 1910, the midwifery profession was largely
unregulated. Factors that influenced the profession included poor
maternal-child outcomes
and a public perception as unprofessional.
4|Page
ANSWERS AND RATIONALES
1. Which change represents the primary impetus for the end of the era of
the female lay healer?
1. Perception of health promotion as an obligation
2. Development of a clinical nurse specialist position statement
3. Foundation of the American Association of Nurse-Midwives
4. Emergence of a medical establishment
Page: 4
Feedback
1. This is incorrect. Lay healers traditionally viewed their role as
being a function of their community obligations; however, the
emerging medical establishment viewed healing as a
commodity. The emergence of a male medical establishment
represents the primary impetus for the end of the era
of the female lay healer.
2. This is incorrect. The American Nurses Association (ANA)
position statement on educational requirements for the clinical
nurse specialist (CNS) was developed in 1965; the ANA’s
position statement on the role of the CNS was issued in 1976.
The emergence of a male medical establishment represents
the primary impetus for the end of the era of the female lay
healer.
3. This is incorrect. The American Association of Nurse-Midwives
(AANM) was founded in 1928. The emergence of a male medical
establishment represents
the primary impetus for the end of the era of the female lay
healer.
4. This is correct. The emergence of a male medical establishment
represents the primary impetus for the end of the era of the
female lay healer. Whereas lay healers viewed their role as being
a function of their community obligations, the emerging medical
establishment viewed healing as a commodity. The era of the
female lay healer began and ended in the 19th century. The
American Association of Nurse-Midwives (AANM) was founded in
1928. The American Nurses Association (ANA) position
statement on educational requirements for the clinical nurse
specialist (CNS) was developed in 1965; the ANA’s position
statement on the role of the CNS was issued in
1976.
2. The beginning of modern nursing is traditionally considered to have
begun with which event?
1|Page
, 1. Establishment of the first school of nursing
2. Incorporation of midwifery by the lay healer
3. Establishment of the Frontier Nursing Service (FNS)
4. Creation of the American Association of Nurse-Midwives (AANM)
Answer: 1
Pages: 4–5
Feedback
1. This is correct. Traditionally, modern nursing is considered to
have begun in 1873, when the first three U.S. training schools for
nurses opened. The role of the lay healer as a midwife is
documented to have occurred in the 19th century, before the
establishment of schools of nursing. The Frontier Nursing Service
(FNS), which provided nurse-midwifery services, was established
in 1925. In 1928, the Kentucky State Association of Midwives,
which was an outgrowth of the FNS, became the American
Association of Nurse-Midwives
(AANM).
2. This is incorrect. The role of the lay healer as a midwife is
documented to have occurred in the 19th century, before the
establishment of schools of nursing. Traditionally, modern
nursing is considered to have begun in 1873,
when the first three U.S. training schools for nurses opened.
3. This is incorrect. The Frontier Nursing Service (FNS), which
provided nurse- midwifery services, was established in 1925.
Traditionally, modern nursing is considered to have begun in
1873, when the first three U.S. training schools
for nurses opened.
4. This is incorrect. In 1928, the Kentucky State Association of
Midwives, which was an outgrowth of the FNS, became the
American Association of Nurse- Midwives (AANM). Modern
nursing is considered to have begun in 1873, at
which time the first three U.S. training schools for nurses opened.
3. In 1910, which factors most significantly influenced the midwifery
profession? Select all that apply.
1. Strict licensing requirements
2. Negative public perception
3. Dedicated funding for training
4. Poor maternal-child outcomes
5. Mandatory professional supervision
Answer: 2, 4
Pages: 6–7
2|Page
, Feedback
1. This is incorrect. In 1910, the midwifery profession was
significantly influenced by poor maternal-child outcomes and a
public perception as unprofessional. Though legislation
ultimately was passed to tighten requirements related to
licensing and supervision of midwives, in the early 20th century,
midwives were largely unregulated and generally perceived as
unprofessional.
3|Page
, 2. This is correct. In 1910, the midwifery profession was
significantly influenced by poor maternal-child outcomes and a
public perception as unprofessional. At that time, approximately
50% of all U.S. births were reportedly attended by midwives.
However, especially with regard to perinatal health indicators,
the national population’s general health was poor. Unfavorable
outcomes among both mothers and infants were attributed to
midwives who, at that time, were largely unregulated and
generally perceived as unprofessional. Poor maternal-child
outcomes, negative perceptions of midwives, obstetricians’
targeted efforts to take control of the birthing process, and a
movement away from home births prompted major changes.
Legislation was passed to tighten requirements related to
licensing and supervision of midwives. One aim of the Sheppard-
Towner Maternity and Infancy Act involved allotting funds to
train public health nurses in midwifery; however, the bill lapsed in
1929.
3. This is incorrect. Goals of the Sheppard-Towner Maternity and
Infancy Act included allocating funds to train public health
nurses in midwifery, but the bill lapsed in 1929. In 1910, poor
maternal-child outcomes and a public perception as
unprofessional significantly influenced the midwifery
profession.
4. This is correct. In 1910, the midwifery profession was
significantly influenced by poor maternal-child outcomes and a
public perception as unprofessional. At that time, approximately
50% of all U.S. births were reportedly attended by midwives.
However, especially with regard to perinatal health indicators,
the national population’s general health was poor. Unfavorable
outcomes among both mothers and infants were attributed to
midwives who, at that time, were largely unregulated and
generally perceived as unprofessional. Poor maternal-child
outcomes, negative perceptions of midwives, obstetricians’
targeted efforts to take control of the birthing process, and a
movement away from home births prompted major changes.
Legislation was passed to tighten requirements related to
licensing and supervision of midwives. One aim of the Sheppard-
Towner Maternity and Infancy Act involved allotting funds to
train public health nurses in midwifery; however, the bill lapsed in
1929.
5. This is incorrect. In 1910, the midwifery profession was largely
unregulated. Factors that influenced the profession included poor
maternal-child outcomes
and a public perception as unprofessional.
4|Page
