GPBR 211 Principles of Genetics - Complete 123 Pages Study Material - ANGRAU - All Lectures, Mendel Laws, DNA, Mutations

STUDY MATERIAL

OF

PRINCIPLES OF GENETICS

(Course No: GPBR 211)

,
, DEPARTMENT OF GENETICS & PLANT BREEDING

Course No : GPBR 211
Course Title : Principles of Genetics
Credit Hours : 3 (2+1)

Lecture Outlines:
Theory
1. Introduction and definition of cytology, genetics and cytogenetics and their
interrelation. Pre and post Mendelian concepts of heredity – Early history of heredity,
inheritance of acquired traits, preformation theory, pangenesis and germplasm theory.
2. Study of model organisms (Drosophila, Arabidopsis, Garden pea, E. coli, and mice).
3. Chromosome – Architecture of chromosomes, chromonemata, chromosome matrix,
chromomeres, centromere, secondary constriction and telomere, types of chromosomes
based on position of centromere.
4. Special types of chromosomes – Polytene chromosomes, Lampbrush chromosomes, B
or Accessory chromosomes and Isochromosomes.
5. Cell division – Cell cycle – Mitosis – Process of mitosis – Significance.
6. Meiosis – Process – Differences between mitosis and meiosis – Significance.
7. Mendelian principles of heredity – Terminology, Mendel’s experiments – Reasons for
selection of pea as experimental material – characters studied – Reasons for Mendel’s
success.
8. Mendel’s laws – Law of segregation – Law of independent assortment – Principle of
dominance – Principle of unit characters – Exceptions to mendel’s laws – Rediscovery
of mendelian principles.
9. Chromosomal theory of inheritance – Chromosomal basis for Law of segregation and
Law of independent assortment.
10. Probability (Addition and Multiplication rule) and Chi-square test.
11. Dominance relationships – Complete dominance, incomplete dominance,
codominance, over dominance, pseudo domiance, lethal factors.
12. Gene interaction - Nonepistatic interaction – Interaction of factors; epistatic interactions
– Complementary epistasis, dominant epistasis.
13. Recessive epistasis, duplicate dominant gene action, dominant suppression or
inhibitory gene action, duplicate genes with cumulative effect.
14. Multiple alleles – Characteristics of multiple alleles – Blood groups in humans, coat
colour in rabbits, self incompatibility alleles in plants – Test of allelism – pseudoalleles
– pleiotropism, penetrance and expressivity.
15. Qualitative and Quantitative traits, Polygenes and continuous variations – Definition –
Inheritance and their differences, multiple factor hypothesis.
16. Linkage –Types of linkage – Characteristic features of linkage – Detection of linkage
–Linkage groups.
17. Crossing over – Mechanism of crossing over – Types of crossing over – Cytological
proof of crossing over in Drosophila – Chromosome mapping – two point test cross.

, 18. Sex determination – Mechanisms of sex determination – Chromosomal sex
determination, genic balance theory in Drosophila melanogaster, male haploidy, single
gene effects.
19. Sex linkage – White eye colour in Drosophila, colour blindness and haemophilia in
humans – sex influenced traits – Horns in sheep, baldness in humans, sex limited traits
– Milk production in cattle, beard in man – Pseudo hermaphrodites – Gynandromorphs.
20. Nature and structure of genetic material – DNA and its structure –Watson and Crick’s
model – Function – Types of DNA – Experiments to prove DNA as genetic material.
21. Replication of DNA – Modes of DNA replication – Semi-conservative DNA replication
– Experimental proof.
22. Types of RNA – Messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA – structure of
tRNA, differences between DNA and RNA.
23. Protein synthesis – Central dogma – Genetic code – Properties of genetic code –
Wobble hypothesis.
24. Steps in protein synthesis – Transcription, Post transcriptional modifications and
translation.
25. Gene regulation – Lac operon concept – Gene concept – Cistron – Recon – Muton.
26. Mutation – Definition – Classification of mutations – Characteristics of mutations –
Xenia and metaxenia – Chimeras Types and their significance.
27. Molecular Basis of Mutations – Methods of inducing mutations – Physical and
chemical mutagens.
28. Structural changes in chromosome – Classification – Deletions (deficiency) –
Duplications and their significance.
29. Inversions – pericentric inversions and paracentric inversions – inversions as cross over
suppressors. Translocations – simple and reciprocal – their significance.
30. Numerical variations in chromosomes and their implications – Euploids (Haploids,
diploids, dihaploids, doubled haploids, Autopolyploids and Allopolyploids).
31. Numerical variations in chromosomes and their implications – Anueploids –
Hypoploids and Hyperploids (Nullisomics, Monosomics, Trisomics and Tetrasomics).
32. Cytoplasmic inheritance – Definition – Chloroplast inheritance (leaf variegation in
Mirabilis jalapa) – mitochondrial inheritance (cytoplasmic male sterility in maize) –
Characteristic features of cytoplasmic inheritance – Differences between chromosomal
and extra chromosomal inheritance.
Practical
1. Study of microscope.
2. Study of cell structure.
3. Mitosis cell division.
4. Meiosis cell division.
5. Practice on mitotic and meiotic cell division.
6. Problems on monohybrid, testcross and backcross.
7. Problems on dihybrid, testcross and backcross.
8. Problems on trihybrid, testcross and backcross.
9. Problems on probability.
10. Problems on chi-square test.
11. Problems on epistatic interactions including test cross and back cross.