EXS 320 EXAM 3 UPDATED QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS
Question:
1. CARDIOVASCU-LAR SYSTEM
Answer:
•Cardiovascular system serves number of important functions in body. Must support other
physiological systems. •Cardiovascular system delivers oxygen and nutrients to and removes carbon
dioxide and metabolic waste from every cell in body. •Transports hormones from endocrine glands to
their target receptors.
Question:
2. What does the cardiovascu-lar system help maintain?
Answer:
•Maintains body temperature, and bloods buffering capabilities to help control pH. Also maintains
appropriate fluid levels to prevent dehydration and prevent infection by invading organisms. •All
body functions and virtually every cell in body depend in some way on cardiovascular system.
Question:
3. How is the heart viewed?
Answer:
•As functional unit heart viewed as two separate pumps (right and left). Hollow sections compose
right heart are for: Receive blood returning from body Pump blood to lungs via pulmonary circulation
•Left side of heart: Receives oxygenated blood from lungs Pumps blood into aorta for systemic
circulation
Question:
4. Anatomy of Heart
Answer:
•Composed of 4 hollow chambers. 2 atria and 2 ventricles. •Atria = thin walled, low pressure,
function as large reservoir conduits of blood for respective ventricles than as pumps. •Ventricles =
chambers responsible for forward propulsion of blood into pulmonary and systemic circulation.
Question:
5. Heart anatomy cont.
Answer:
•Left ventricle distributes blood to systemic circulation, wall is thicker than right ventricle.
•Separating left and right sides of heart is interventricular septum. Thick, solid, muscular wall. •Heart
also contains valve system = cardiac valves. •Consist of thin flaps of flexible tough fibrous tissue.
Movements of valve leaflets essentially passive, orientation of cardiac valves responsible for
unidirectional flow blood through heart.
Question:
6. •Valvular system divided into:
, Answer:
Atrioventricular valves Semilunar valves •Atrioventricular valves divide atria and ventricles. Valves
consist of tricuspid, (rt atrium and rt ventricle); biscuspid or mitral valve (left atrium and left
ventricle). •Semilunar valves prevent backflow of blood into ventricles. Aortic semilunar valves
control blood flow from left ventricle into aorta. Pulmonary semilunar valve controls blood flow from
right ventricle into pulmonary circulation.
Question:
7. Blood Flow Through the Heart
Answer:
•Blood goes through body delivers oxygen and nutrients and picks up waste products, returns through
the great veins. Are the superior and inferior vena cava. •Vena cava attach to right atrium. Is the right
atrium that receives all of body's deoxygenated blood. •From right atrium, blood passes through
tricuspid valve into right ventricle. Chamber then pumps blood through pulmonary semilunar valve
into pulmonary artery, carries blood to right and left lungs. This sends blood for re- oxygenation.
•After fresh supply of oxygen, blood exits lungs through pulmonary veins, which carry blood back to
heart and into left atrium. All freshly oxygenated blood received by this chamber. •From left atrium
blood passes through mitral valve into left ventricle. Blood leaves left ventricle by passing through
aortic semilunar valve into aorta.
Question:
8. What do atrial chambers serve as?
Answer:
•Atrial chambers serves as primers to receive and store blood during ventricular contraction.
Approximately 70% of blood returning to atria flows directly into ventricles before atria contract.
•Simultaneous contraction of both atria forces remaining blood into ventricles. Almost immediately
after atrial contraction, ventricles contract and force blood into arterial system.
Question:
9. Pulmonary vs systemic circula-tion
Answer:
• Right heart: pulmonary circulation
- Pumps deoxygenated blood from body to lungs
- Superior, inferior vena cavae RA tricuspid valve
RV pulmonary valve pulmonary arteries lungs
• Left heart: systemic circulation
- Pumps oxygenated blood from lungs to body
- Lungs pulmonary veins LA mitral valve LV
aortic valve aorta
Question:
10. Cardiac Conduc-tion System
Answer:
Cardiac Conduction System •Cardiac muscle ability to generate own electrical signal. Termed
autoconduction. Allows heart to contract rhythmically without neural stimulation. •Without neural or
hormonal stimulation, intrinsic rhythm of heart averages 60-100 bpm.
, Question:
11. •Essentially 4 components of cardiac conduc-tion system.
Answer:
•Essentially 4 components of cardiac conduction system. Under normal circumstances, cardiac
conduction follows specific pathway and is composed of: Sinoatrial (SA) node Atrioventricular (AV)
node Atrioventricular (AV) bundle (bundle of HIS) Purkinjie fibers
Question:
12. Conduction sys-tem cont.
Answer:
•Impulse initiated by SA node. Located in posterior wall of right atrium. Known as pacemaker of the
heart. Beating rate known as sinus rhythm. •Electrical impulse by SA node spreads through both atria
and goes to AV node. AV node in right atrial wall near center of heart. As impulse spreads through
atria, signaled to contract, do almost immediately. •AV node conducts impulse from atria into
ventricles. Impulse delayed approximately 0.1 seconds as passes AV node to AV bundle. Delay
allows atria to fully contract before ventricles, maximizing ventricular filling. •AV bundle travels
along interventricular septum as right and left bundle branches. Bundle branches send impulse
towards apex of heart. •Bundle branch subdivides into many smaller ones, spread throughout entire
ventricular wall. Terminal branches of AV bundle are Purkinjie fibers. •Purkinjie fibers transmit
impulses through ventricles approximately 6 times faster than through rest of cardiac conduction
system. Rapid conduction allows all parts of ventricle to contract at about same time.
Question:
13. Extrinsic Control of Heart
Answer:
Extrinsic Control of Heart •Impulses in heart can be altered. Under normal conditions accomplished
through 3 extrinsic systems: Parasympathetic nervous system Sympathetic nervous system Endocrine
system •Parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems part of autonomic nervous system.
System controls body's involuntary internal functions.
Question:
14. •Some of func-tions important to athlete in-clude:
Answer:
•Some of functions important to athlete include: Heart rate Blood pressure Blood distribution
Respiration •Autonomic nervous system originates from different sections of spinal cord and base of
brain. •Effects of two systems often antagonistic, but both always function together. (when one turns
on, the other turns off. Or when one increases intensity, the other decreases).
Question:
15. Parasympatheic Nervous System
Answer:
•Cell bodies of PNS located in brain stem and sacral portion of spinal cord. •PNS fibers innervate
myocardium via pair of vagus nerves: right and left. Right vagus impacts SA node predominately.
Left vagus mainly inhibits AV conduction tissue. •When PNS stimulated, release acetylcholine. Acts
to inhibit rate of sinus discharge to slow heart. •PNS dominates over sympathetic effects at SA node.
Possible for PNS stimulation to lower heart rate 20-30 bpm.
ANSWERS
Question:
1. CARDIOVASCU-LAR SYSTEM
Answer:
•Cardiovascular system serves number of important functions in body. Must support other
physiological systems. •Cardiovascular system delivers oxygen and nutrients to and removes carbon
dioxide and metabolic waste from every cell in body. •Transports hormones from endocrine glands to
their target receptors.
Question:
2. What does the cardiovascu-lar system help maintain?
Answer:
•Maintains body temperature, and bloods buffering capabilities to help control pH. Also maintains
appropriate fluid levels to prevent dehydration and prevent infection by invading organisms. •All
body functions and virtually every cell in body depend in some way on cardiovascular system.
Question:
3. How is the heart viewed?
Answer:
•As functional unit heart viewed as two separate pumps (right and left). Hollow sections compose
right heart are for: Receive blood returning from body Pump blood to lungs via pulmonary circulation
•Left side of heart: Receives oxygenated blood from lungs Pumps blood into aorta for systemic
circulation
Question:
4. Anatomy of Heart
Answer:
•Composed of 4 hollow chambers. 2 atria and 2 ventricles. •Atria = thin walled, low pressure,
function as large reservoir conduits of blood for respective ventricles than as pumps. •Ventricles =
chambers responsible for forward propulsion of blood into pulmonary and systemic circulation.
Question:
5. Heart anatomy cont.
Answer:
•Left ventricle distributes blood to systemic circulation, wall is thicker than right ventricle.
•Separating left and right sides of heart is interventricular septum. Thick, solid, muscular wall. •Heart
also contains valve system = cardiac valves. •Consist of thin flaps of flexible tough fibrous tissue.
Movements of valve leaflets essentially passive, orientation of cardiac valves responsible for
unidirectional flow blood through heart.
Question:
6. •Valvular system divided into:
, Answer:
Atrioventricular valves Semilunar valves •Atrioventricular valves divide atria and ventricles. Valves
consist of tricuspid, (rt atrium and rt ventricle); biscuspid or mitral valve (left atrium and left
ventricle). •Semilunar valves prevent backflow of blood into ventricles. Aortic semilunar valves
control blood flow from left ventricle into aorta. Pulmonary semilunar valve controls blood flow from
right ventricle into pulmonary circulation.
Question:
7. Blood Flow Through the Heart
Answer:
•Blood goes through body delivers oxygen and nutrients and picks up waste products, returns through
the great veins. Are the superior and inferior vena cava. •Vena cava attach to right atrium. Is the right
atrium that receives all of body's deoxygenated blood. •From right atrium, blood passes through
tricuspid valve into right ventricle. Chamber then pumps blood through pulmonary semilunar valve
into pulmonary artery, carries blood to right and left lungs. This sends blood for re- oxygenation.
•After fresh supply of oxygen, blood exits lungs through pulmonary veins, which carry blood back to
heart and into left atrium. All freshly oxygenated blood received by this chamber. •From left atrium
blood passes through mitral valve into left ventricle. Blood leaves left ventricle by passing through
aortic semilunar valve into aorta.
Question:
8. What do atrial chambers serve as?
Answer:
•Atrial chambers serves as primers to receive and store blood during ventricular contraction.
Approximately 70% of blood returning to atria flows directly into ventricles before atria contract.
•Simultaneous contraction of both atria forces remaining blood into ventricles. Almost immediately
after atrial contraction, ventricles contract and force blood into arterial system.
Question:
9. Pulmonary vs systemic circula-tion
Answer:
• Right heart: pulmonary circulation
- Pumps deoxygenated blood from body to lungs
- Superior, inferior vena cavae RA tricuspid valve
RV pulmonary valve pulmonary arteries lungs
• Left heart: systemic circulation
- Pumps oxygenated blood from lungs to body
- Lungs pulmonary veins LA mitral valve LV
aortic valve aorta
Question:
10. Cardiac Conduc-tion System
Answer:
Cardiac Conduction System •Cardiac muscle ability to generate own electrical signal. Termed
autoconduction. Allows heart to contract rhythmically without neural stimulation. •Without neural or
hormonal stimulation, intrinsic rhythm of heart averages 60-100 bpm.
, Question:
11. •Essentially 4 components of cardiac conduc-tion system.
Answer:
•Essentially 4 components of cardiac conduction system. Under normal circumstances, cardiac
conduction follows specific pathway and is composed of: Sinoatrial (SA) node Atrioventricular (AV)
node Atrioventricular (AV) bundle (bundle of HIS) Purkinjie fibers
Question:
12. Conduction sys-tem cont.
Answer:
•Impulse initiated by SA node. Located in posterior wall of right atrium. Known as pacemaker of the
heart. Beating rate known as sinus rhythm. •Electrical impulse by SA node spreads through both atria
and goes to AV node. AV node in right atrial wall near center of heart. As impulse spreads through
atria, signaled to contract, do almost immediately. •AV node conducts impulse from atria into
ventricles. Impulse delayed approximately 0.1 seconds as passes AV node to AV bundle. Delay
allows atria to fully contract before ventricles, maximizing ventricular filling. •AV bundle travels
along interventricular septum as right and left bundle branches. Bundle branches send impulse
towards apex of heart. •Bundle branch subdivides into many smaller ones, spread throughout entire
ventricular wall. Terminal branches of AV bundle are Purkinjie fibers. •Purkinjie fibers transmit
impulses through ventricles approximately 6 times faster than through rest of cardiac conduction
system. Rapid conduction allows all parts of ventricle to contract at about same time.
Question:
13. Extrinsic Control of Heart
Answer:
Extrinsic Control of Heart •Impulses in heart can be altered. Under normal conditions accomplished
through 3 extrinsic systems: Parasympathetic nervous system Sympathetic nervous system Endocrine
system •Parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems part of autonomic nervous system.
System controls body's involuntary internal functions.
Question:
14. •Some of func-tions important to athlete in-clude:
Answer:
•Some of functions important to athlete include: Heart rate Blood pressure Blood distribution
Respiration •Autonomic nervous system originates from different sections of spinal cord and base of
brain. •Effects of two systems often antagonistic, but both always function together. (when one turns
on, the other turns off. Or when one increases intensity, the other decreases).
Question:
15. Parasympatheic Nervous System
Answer:
•Cell bodies of PNS located in brain stem and sacral portion of spinal cord. •PNS fibers innervate
myocardium via pair of vagus nerves: right and left. Right vagus impacts SA node predominately.
Left vagus mainly inhibits AV conduction tissue. •When PNS stimulated, release acetylcholine. Acts
to inhibit rate of sinus discharge to slow heart. •PNS dominates over sympathetic effects at SA node.
Possible for PNS stimulation to lower heart rate 20-30 bpm.
