Hss 1101 Midterm 1 Updated Questions And Correct Answers

HSS 1101 MIDTERM 1 UPDATED QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS
Question:
1. What is immunol-ogy?
Answer:
study of our protection from foreign macromolecules or invading organisms and our responses to
them

Question:
2. What are some classes of organ-isms?
Answer:
- viruses/chlamydia (grow in living cells)
- mycoplasma (grow on non living media)
- bacteria (unicellular)
- parasites

Question:
3. Basic structures of viruses
Answer:
- nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA)
- capsid in some cases too
- divert synthetic processes of host cells towards their own replication
- can kill host cell sometimes

Question:
4. Bacteria basic characteristics
Answer:
- prokaryotes
- rigid cell wall with cytoplasm
- genetic material in circular chromosome
- no nucleus but have DNA and RNA
- binary fission

Question:
5. Mycoplasmas general characteristics
Answer:
- similar to bacteria
- no rigid cell wall
- more delicate

Question:
6. Eukaryotes gen-eral characteris-tics
Answer:
- unicellular and multicellular animals and plants
- genetic material in nucleus

,Question:
7. Are all bacteria bad?
Answer:
No, many bacteria are beneficial and we would not be able to live without them

Question:
8. What is the difference be-tween resident and transient bacteria?
Answer:
Resident: became a part of the body's natural system early on in life and are permanent (eg: gut
bacteria) Transient: bacteria that come and go, can be good or bad

Question:
9. What are some places where there should be no bacteria?
Answer:
- CNS
- circulatory system
- inside the eyes
- male internal reproductive organs

Question:
10. What are some examples of things healthy bac do in the body?
Answer:
- protect from infection
- some help synthesize vit K
- gut health

Question:
11. What protects us from bad flo-ra/bac?
Answer:
- mechanical barriers (skin, saliva, tears, hair)
- antibodies
- immune system
- complement

Question:
12. What are oppor-tunistic bacteria?
Answer:
- normal commensal bacteria that can cause disease when found in the wrong
place
- can be a result of injury or compromised immunity

Question:
13. What are some mecha-nisms through which pathogens get in?
Answer:
- adherence
- toxin production
- opportunism

, - compromised host

Question:
14. What is adher-ence?
Answer:
- bacteria needs to adhere to host in order to invade
- bacteria have specific mechanisms to achieve this
- prerequisite for the initiation of an infectious process
- ligands can bind to specific receptors on cell surface

Question:
15. Phagocytosis as a defence mech-anism
Answer:
- ingesting bac and killing them
- phagocytic cells attach and form vacuole around bac, then phagocyte comes in
- some bac have a protective coat that prevents being engulfed

Question:
16. Opsonization
Answer:
An immune response in which the binding of antibodies to the surface of a microbe facilitates
phagocytosis of the the microbe by a macrophage (because the bac has a protective layer that prevents
being engulfed so you target the protective layer) "Makes it more attractive for the immune system"

Question:
17. What is comple-ment?
Answer:
- complex system where plasma proteins work together to resist bac infection
- works on its own but can also enhance immune response
- can recognize certain things on cell wall of bac and form a pore on the bac so
its insides leak out and the bac dies (membrane attack complex - MAC)

Question:
18. What is the differ-ence between bacteraemia and septicaemia?
Answer:
- Bacteraemia refers to bacteria in the blood
while
- Septicaemia involves pathogenic microorganisms (bac starts to grow and
divide) or their toxins causing systemic disease (blood poisoning)

Question:
19. Difference be-tween clinic and sub clinical dis-ease
Answer:
Clinical: easy to recognize, present symptoms Sub-clinical: hard to diagnose, no visible symptoms

Question:
20. What is metastat-ic spread?