NSG5003 Advanced Pathophysiology Quizzes
All Weeks 1–10: 200 Multiple Choice Questions
with Verified Answers and Rationales
2026/2027 Graded A+
SECTION 1: CELLULAR ADAPTATIONS, INJURY, AND DEATH (Questions 1–30)
Question 1
A decrease in the size of cells is termed:
A) Hypertrophy
B) Atrophy
C) Hyperplasia
D) Dysplasia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Atrophy is a decrease in cell size. Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size, hyperplasia is
an increase in cell number, and dysplasia refers to disordered variation in cell size and shape
within a tissue .
Question 2
An increase in cell size is called:
A) Hyperplasia
B) Hypertrophy
C) Metaplasia
D) Anaplasia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size, often seen in tissues incapable of cell division
such as cardiac muscle. Hyperplasia is an increase in cell number .
,Question 3
An increase in the number of cells is:
A) Hyperplasia
B) Hypertrophy
C) Atrophy
D) Metaplasia
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Hyperplasia refers to an increase in cell number. Hypertrophy involves larger cells,
not more cells .
Question 4
Replacement of a mature cell type by a different mature cell type is:
A) Dysplasia
B) Hyperplasia
C) Metaplasia
D) Neoplasia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another, often in
response to chronic irritation. An example is Barrett's esophagus .
Question 5
Cells that vary in size and shape within a tissue describe:
A) Metaplasia
B) Dysplasia
C) Hypertrophy
D) Anaplasia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Dysplasia refers to disordered growth with variation in cell size and shape. It is often
a precursor to malignancy .
,Question 6
Undifferentiated cells with variable nuclear and cellular structure are:
A) Dysplasia
B) Metaplasia
C) Anaplasia
D) Hyperplasia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Anaplasia refers to a complete lack of differentiation, which is a hallmark of
malignancy .
Question 7
The term "neoplasm" means:
A) Cyst
B) Tumor
C) Scar
D) Ulcer
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Neoplasm literally means "new growth" and refers to an uncontrolled proliferation of
cells, commonly called a tumor .
Question 8
Oxygen deficit due to respiratory or circulatory problems is:
A) Hypoxia
B) Ischemia
C) Infarction
D) Anoxia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Ischemia is a reduced blood flow that causes oxygen deficit from circulatory
problems. Hypoxia is reduced oxygen in tissue .
, Question 9
Reduced oxygen in tissue is termed:
A) Ischemia
B) Hypoxia
C) Hypercapnia
D) Hypoxemia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Hypoxia is reduced oxygen in tissue. Hypoxemia refers to low oxygen in arterial blood
.
Question 10
A direct cellular consequence of oxygen deficit is:
A) Failure of the Na⁺ pump with increased intracellular Na⁺
B) Increased ATP production
C) Decreased intracellular sodium
D) Increased protein synthesis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Decreased energy production causes the Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase pump to fail, leading to
intracellular sodium accumulation and cellular swelling .
Question 11
Extreme temperature injures cells by:
A) Inactivating enzymes, damaging organelles, and coagulating proteins
B) Stimulating the Na⁺ pump
C) Increasing oxygen delivery
D) Strengthening the cell membrane
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Heat inactivates enzymes, damages organelles, and coagulates proteins. Cold
disrupts cell membranes .
All Weeks 1–10: 200 Multiple Choice Questions
with Verified Answers and Rationales
2026/2027 Graded A+
SECTION 1: CELLULAR ADAPTATIONS, INJURY, AND DEATH (Questions 1–30)
Question 1
A decrease in the size of cells is termed:
A) Hypertrophy
B) Atrophy
C) Hyperplasia
D) Dysplasia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Atrophy is a decrease in cell size. Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size, hyperplasia is
an increase in cell number, and dysplasia refers to disordered variation in cell size and shape
within a tissue .
Question 2
An increase in cell size is called:
A) Hyperplasia
B) Hypertrophy
C) Metaplasia
D) Anaplasia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size, often seen in tissues incapable of cell division
such as cardiac muscle. Hyperplasia is an increase in cell number .
,Question 3
An increase in the number of cells is:
A) Hyperplasia
B) Hypertrophy
C) Atrophy
D) Metaplasia
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Hyperplasia refers to an increase in cell number. Hypertrophy involves larger cells,
not more cells .
Question 4
Replacement of a mature cell type by a different mature cell type is:
A) Dysplasia
B) Hyperplasia
C) Metaplasia
D) Neoplasia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another, often in
response to chronic irritation. An example is Barrett's esophagus .
Question 5
Cells that vary in size and shape within a tissue describe:
A) Metaplasia
B) Dysplasia
C) Hypertrophy
D) Anaplasia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Dysplasia refers to disordered growth with variation in cell size and shape. It is often
a precursor to malignancy .
,Question 6
Undifferentiated cells with variable nuclear and cellular structure are:
A) Dysplasia
B) Metaplasia
C) Anaplasia
D) Hyperplasia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Anaplasia refers to a complete lack of differentiation, which is a hallmark of
malignancy .
Question 7
The term "neoplasm" means:
A) Cyst
B) Tumor
C) Scar
D) Ulcer
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Neoplasm literally means "new growth" and refers to an uncontrolled proliferation of
cells, commonly called a tumor .
Question 8
Oxygen deficit due to respiratory or circulatory problems is:
A) Hypoxia
B) Ischemia
C) Infarction
D) Anoxia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Ischemia is a reduced blood flow that causes oxygen deficit from circulatory
problems. Hypoxia is reduced oxygen in tissue .
, Question 9
Reduced oxygen in tissue is termed:
A) Ischemia
B) Hypoxia
C) Hypercapnia
D) Hypoxemia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Hypoxia is reduced oxygen in tissue. Hypoxemia refers to low oxygen in arterial blood
.
Question 10
A direct cellular consequence of oxygen deficit is:
A) Failure of the Na⁺ pump with increased intracellular Na⁺
B) Increased ATP production
C) Decreased intracellular sodium
D) Increased protein synthesis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Decreased energy production causes the Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase pump to fail, leading to
intracellular sodium accumulation and cellular swelling .
Question 11
Extreme temperature injures cells by:
A) Inactivating enzymes, damaging organelles, and coagulating proteins
B) Stimulating the Na⁺ pump
C) Increasing oxygen delivery
D) Strengthening the cell membrane
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Heat inactivates enzymes, damages organelles, and coagulates proteins. Cold
disrupts cell membranes .
