NSG 530 ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
COMPREHENSIVE EXAM REVIEW
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS |
100% CORRECT | GRADE A+ - WILKES
1. Which process involves the programmed cell death characterized by the activation of
caspases and the absence of an inflammatory response?
A. Necrosis
B. Apoptosis
C. Autophagy
D. Pyoptosis
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Apoptosis is a distinct type of programmed cell death that
prevents the release of harmful cellular contents into the surrounding tissue, thus avoiding
inflammation.
2. A patient with prolonged ischemia undergoes reperfusion, resulting in additional tissue
damage. What is the primary cause of this ‘reperfusion injury’?
A. Excessive ATP production
,B. Intracellular potassium accumulation
C. Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS)
D. Decreased calcium influx
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Reperfusion injury occurs when oxygen is reintroduced to
ischemic tissues, leading to the formation of free radicals and reactive oxygen species that
damage cell membranes.
3. In the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, what is the primary cellular outcome of protein
degradation?
A. Hypertrophy
B. Metaplasia
C. Hyperplasia
D. Atrophy
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Atrophy, the shrinkage in cell size, is often mediated by the
ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, which targets and breaks down intracellular proteins.
4. Which electrolyte imbalance is most commonly associated with the development of
Torsades de Pointes?
A. Hyperkalemia
, B. Hyponatremia
C. Hypercalcemia
D. Hypomagnesemia
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Hypomagnesemia can lead to a prolonged QT interval, which
predisposes the patient to the ventricular tachycardia known as Torsades de Pointes.
5. A patient presents with a pH of 7.25, PaCO2 of 55 mmHg, and HCO3 of 24 mEq/L. Which
acid-base disturbance is occurring?
A. Metabolic Acidosis
B. Respiratory Alkalosis
C. Metabolic Alkalosis
D. Respiratory Acidosis
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: A low pH (<7.35) combined with an elevated PaCO2 (>45
mmHg) and a normal bicarbonate level indicates an uncompensated respiratory acidosis.
6. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction involves the binding of IgE to mast cells and the
subsequent release of histamine?
A. Type IV
B. Type II
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
COMPREHENSIVE EXAM REVIEW
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS |
100% CORRECT | GRADE A+ - WILKES
1. Which process involves the programmed cell death characterized by the activation of
caspases and the absence of an inflammatory response?
A. Necrosis
B. Apoptosis
C. Autophagy
D. Pyoptosis
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Apoptosis is a distinct type of programmed cell death that
prevents the release of harmful cellular contents into the surrounding tissue, thus avoiding
inflammation.
2. A patient with prolonged ischemia undergoes reperfusion, resulting in additional tissue
damage. What is the primary cause of this ‘reperfusion injury’?
A. Excessive ATP production
,B. Intracellular potassium accumulation
C. Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS)
D. Decreased calcium influx
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Reperfusion injury occurs when oxygen is reintroduced to
ischemic tissues, leading to the formation of free radicals and reactive oxygen species that
damage cell membranes.
3. In the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, what is the primary cellular outcome of protein
degradation?
A. Hypertrophy
B. Metaplasia
C. Hyperplasia
D. Atrophy
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Atrophy, the shrinkage in cell size, is often mediated by the
ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, which targets and breaks down intracellular proteins.
4. Which electrolyte imbalance is most commonly associated with the development of
Torsades de Pointes?
A. Hyperkalemia
, B. Hyponatremia
C. Hypercalcemia
D. Hypomagnesemia
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Hypomagnesemia can lead to a prolonged QT interval, which
predisposes the patient to the ventricular tachycardia known as Torsades de Pointes.
5. A patient presents with a pH of 7.25, PaCO2 of 55 mmHg, and HCO3 of 24 mEq/L. Which
acid-base disturbance is occurring?
A. Metabolic Acidosis
B. Respiratory Alkalosis
C. Metabolic Alkalosis
D. Respiratory Acidosis
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: A low pH (<7.35) combined with an elevated PaCO2 (>45
mmHg) and a normal bicarbonate level indicates an uncompensated respiratory acidosis.
6. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction involves the binding of IgE to mast cells and the
subsequent release of histamine?
A. Type IV
B. Type II
