NSG 530 MIDTERM ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY REVIEW
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS |
100% CORRECT | GRADE A+ - WILKES
1. Which process is responsible for the movement of water across a semipermeable
membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute
concentration?
A. Active transport
B. Osmosis
C. Facilitated diffusion
D. Filtration
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Osmosis is the specific movement of water molecules through a
semipermeable membrane driven by a concentration gradient of solutes.
2. A patient is experiencing cellular swelling due to ATP depletion. What is the most likely
cause of this failure in the sodium-potassium pump?
A. Apoptosis
B. Hypernatremia
,C. Metabolic alkalosis
D. Hypoxia
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Hypoxia leads to reduced ATP production via oxidative
phosphorylation, causing the Na+/K+ pump to fail, leading to intracellular sodium
accumulation and water influx (swelling).
3. Which type of cellular adaptation involves a reversible replacement of one mature cell type
by another, often in response to chronic irritation?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Atrophy
D. Dysplasia
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Metaplasia is the conversion of one cell type to another (e.g.,
columnar to squamous epithelium in smokers) to better withstand environmental stress.
4. In the context of genetics, what occurs during ‘nondisjunction’?
A. Failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate during meiosis
B. The exchange of genetic material between non-homologous chromosomes
C. A mutation where a single nucleotide is replaced
, D. The loss of a portion of a chromosome
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Nondisjunction results in aneuploidy, where cells have an
abnormal number of chromosomes, such as in Trisomy 21.
5. Which electrolyte imbalance is most likely to cause tall, peaked T-waves on an EKG?
A. Hyperkalemia
B. Hypocalcemia
C. Hyponatremia
D. Hypomagnesemia
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Hyperkalemia increases the speed of repolarization, which
manifests as tall, peaked T-waves on an electrocardiogram.
6. Which compensatory mechanism is activated by the kidneys in response to metabolic
acidosis?
A. Excretion of bicarbonate ions
B. Retention of hydrogen ions
C. Hyperventilation
D. Increased excretion of hydrogen ions and retention of bicarbonate
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY REVIEW
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS |
100% CORRECT | GRADE A+ - WILKES
1. Which process is responsible for the movement of water across a semipermeable
membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute
concentration?
A. Active transport
B. Osmosis
C. Facilitated diffusion
D. Filtration
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Osmosis is the specific movement of water molecules through a
semipermeable membrane driven by a concentration gradient of solutes.
2. A patient is experiencing cellular swelling due to ATP depletion. What is the most likely
cause of this failure in the sodium-potassium pump?
A. Apoptosis
B. Hypernatremia
,C. Metabolic alkalosis
D. Hypoxia
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Hypoxia leads to reduced ATP production via oxidative
phosphorylation, causing the Na+/K+ pump to fail, leading to intracellular sodium
accumulation and water influx (swelling).
3. Which type of cellular adaptation involves a reversible replacement of one mature cell type
by another, often in response to chronic irritation?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Atrophy
D. Dysplasia
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Metaplasia is the conversion of one cell type to another (e.g.,
columnar to squamous epithelium in smokers) to better withstand environmental stress.
4. In the context of genetics, what occurs during ‘nondisjunction’?
A. Failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate during meiosis
B. The exchange of genetic material between non-homologous chromosomes
C. A mutation where a single nucleotide is replaced
, D. The loss of a portion of a chromosome
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Nondisjunction results in aneuploidy, where cells have an
abnormal number of chromosomes, such as in Trisomy 21.
5. Which electrolyte imbalance is most likely to cause tall, peaked T-waves on an EKG?
A. Hyperkalemia
B. Hypocalcemia
C. Hyponatremia
D. Hypomagnesemia
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Hyperkalemia increases the speed of repolarization, which
manifests as tall, peaked T-waves on an electrocardiogram.
6. Which compensatory mechanism is activated by the kidneys in response to metabolic
acidosis?
A. Excretion of bicarbonate ions
B. Retention of hydrogen ions
C. Hyperventilation
D. Increased excretion of hydrogen ions and retention of bicarbonate
