NR507 ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM
PREP QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED
ANSWERS | 100% CORRECT | GRADE A+
1. Which mechanism is primarily responsible for the cellular injury observed in reperfusion
therapy for an ischemic stroke?
A. Accumulation of lactic acid
B. Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS)
C. Loss of intracellular potassium
D. Decreased capillary permeability
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Reperfusion injury occurs when oxygen is restored to ischemic
tissues, leading to the formation of free radicals and reactive oxygen species that cause
further membrane damage and mitochondrial calcium overload.
2. In the compensation phase of metabolic acidosis, how do the lungs attempt to restore pH
balance?
A. By increasing the production of bicarbonate ions
B. By decreasing the respiratory rate to retain CO2
,C. By shifting the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the left
D. By increasing the rate and depth of respirations to blow off CO2
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Metabolic acidosis triggers Kussmaul respirations, which are
deep and rapid, to reduce partial pressure of CO2 (an acid) and increase pH.
3. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is characterized by the formation of antigen-
antibody complexes that deposit in vessel walls or extravascular tissues?
A. Type I
B. Type II
C. Type IV
D. Type III
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Type III hypersensitivity involves immune complex-mediated
reactions where complexes are deposited in tissues, triggering inflammation (e.g., SLE or
glomerulonephritis).
4. Renin is secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney in response to which stimulus?
A. Increased blood pressure
B. Decreased perfusion pressure in the afferent arteriole
C. Decreased sympathetic nervous system activity
, D. Increased sodium concentration in the distal tubule
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Renin release is triggered by low blood pressure in the afferent
arterioles, low sodium levels, or sympathetic stimulation.
5. What is the primary pathophysiology underlying the clinical manifestations of Left Heart
Failure?
A. Systemic venous congestion
B. Peripheral edema and hepatomegaly
C. Increased right ventricular afterload
D. Pulmonary vascular congestion and inadequate systemic perfusion
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Left heart failure leads to a backup of blood into the pulmonary
circulation (congestion) and a failure to pump enough blood to the rest of the body.
6. Which changes in the lungs are characteristic of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD)?
A. Decreased total lung capacity and hyperventilation
B. Decreased airway resistance and alveolar fibrosis
C. Increased elastic recoil and small airway dilation
D. Increased lung compliance and airway collapse
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM
PREP QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED
ANSWERS | 100% CORRECT | GRADE A+
1. Which mechanism is primarily responsible for the cellular injury observed in reperfusion
therapy for an ischemic stroke?
A. Accumulation of lactic acid
B. Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS)
C. Loss of intracellular potassium
D. Decreased capillary permeability
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Reperfusion injury occurs when oxygen is restored to ischemic
tissues, leading to the formation of free radicals and reactive oxygen species that cause
further membrane damage and mitochondrial calcium overload.
2. In the compensation phase of metabolic acidosis, how do the lungs attempt to restore pH
balance?
A. By increasing the production of bicarbonate ions
B. By decreasing the respiratory rate to retain CO2
,C. By shifting the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the left
D. By increasing the rate and depth of respirations to blow off CO2
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Metabolic acidosis triggers Kussmaul respirations, which are
deep and rapid, to reduce partial pressure of CO2 (an acid) and increase pH.
3. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is characterized by the formation of antigen-
antibody complexes that deposit in vessel walls or extravascular tissues?
A. Type I
B. Type II
C. Type IV
D. Type III
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Type III hypersensitivity involves immune complex-mediated
reactions where complexes are deposited in tissues, triggering inflammation (e.g., SLE or
glomerulonephritis).
4. Renin is secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney in response to which stimulus?
A. Increased blood pressure
B. Decreased perfusion pressure in the afferent arteriole
C. Decreased sympathetic nervous system activity
, D. Increased sodium concentration in the distal tubule
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Renin release is triggered by low blood pressure in the afferent
arterioles, low sodium levels, or sympathetic stimulation.
5. What is the primary pathophysiology underlying the clinical manifestations of Left Heart
Failure?
A. Systemic venous congestion
B. Peripheral edema and hepatomegaly
C. Increased right ventricular afterload
D. Pulmonary vascular congestion and inadequate systemic perfusion
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Left heart failure leads to a backup of blood into the pulmonary
circulation (congestion) and a failure to pump enough blood to the rest of the body.
6. Which changes in the lungs are characteristic of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD)?
A. Decreased total lung capacity and hyperventilation
B. Decreased airway resistance and alveolar fibrosis
C. Increased elastic recoil and small airway dilation
D. Increased lung compliance and airway collapse
