NR507 WEEK 4 MIDTERM EXAM
(VERSION 2) QUESTIONS AND
VERIFIED ANSWERS | 100% CORRECT |
GRADE A+
1. Which of the following cellular adaptations is characterized by the replacement of one
mature cell type by another, often less differentiated, cell type?
A. Atrophy
B. Dysplasia
C. Hyperplasia
D. Metaplasia
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Metaplasia is a reversible replacement of one mature cell type
by another, usually in response to chronic irritation.
2. A 45-year-old male presents with cellular injury caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS).
Which mechanism best describes how ROS cause damage?
A. Activation of the sodium-potassium pump
,B. Increase in intracellular pH
C. Lipid peroxidation of membranes
D. Decreased mitochondrial permeability
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: ROS cause damage through lipid peroxidation, protein
modification, and DNA damage.
3. Which chromosomal abnormality is characterized by a karyotype of 45,X and results in
females with short stature and webbed necks?
A. Down Syndrome
B. Klinefelter Syndrome
C. Edwards Syndrome
D. Turner Syndrome
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Turner Syndrome is the presence of a single X chromosome
(45,X), leading to female phenotypic characteristics but physical abnormalities.
4. In autosomal dominant disorders, what is the probability that an affected heterozygous
parent will pass the trait to their offspring?
A. 25%
B. 50%
, C. 75%
D. 100%
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Autosomal dominant inheritance means there is a 50% chance
of passing the gene to each child if one parent is a heterozygote.
5. Which process describes the movement of water from an area of low solute concentration
to an area of high solute concentration?
A. Osmosis
B. Diffusion
C. Active Transport
D. Facilitated Diffusion
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Osmosis is the specific movement of water across a semi-
permeable membrane toward higher solute concentrations.
6. A patient presents with a serum sodium level of 120 mEq/L. Which clinical manifestation is
most likely expected?
A. Thirst and dry mucous membranes
B. Peaked T waves on ECG
C. Confusion and seizures
(VERSION 2) QUESTIONS AND
VERIFIED ANSWERS | 100% CORRECT |
GRADE A+
1. Which of the following cellular adaptations is characterized by the replacement of one
mature cell type by another, often less differentiated, cell type?
A. Atrophy
B. Dysplasia
C. Hyperplasia
D. Metaplasia
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Metaplasia is a reversible replacement of one mature cell type
by another, usually in response to chronic irritation.
2. A 45-year-old male presents with cellular injury caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS).
Which mechanism best describes how ROS cause damage?
A. Activation of the sodium-potassium pump
,B. Increase in intracellular pH
C. Lipid peroxidation of membranes
D. Decreased mitochondrial permeability
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: ROS cause damage through lipid peroxidation, protein
modification, and DNA damage.
3. Which chromosomal abnormality is characterized by a karyotype of 45,X and results in
females with short stature and webbed necks?
A. Down Syndrome
B. Klinefelter Syndrome
C. Edwards Syndrome
D. Turner Syndrome
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Turner Syndrome is the presence of a single X chromosome
(45,X), leading to female phenotypic characteristics but physical abnormalities.
4. In autosomal dominant disorders, what is the probability that an affected heterozygous
parent will pass the trait to their offspring?
A. 25%
B. 50%
, C. 75%
D. 100%
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Autosomal dominant inheritance means there is a 50% chance
of passing the gene to each child if one parent is a heterozygote.
5. Which process describes the movement of water from an area of low solute concentration
to an area of high solute concentration?
A. Osmosis
B. Diffusion
C. Active Transport
D. Facilitated Diffusion
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Osmosis is the specific movement of water across a semi-
permeable membrane toward higher solute concentrations.
6. A patient presents with a serum sodium level of 120 mEq/L. Which clinical manifestation is
most likely expected?
A. Thirst and dry mucous membranes
B. Peaked T waves on ECG
C. Confusion and seizures
