Pathophysiology 8th Edition – Final
Comprehensive Exam PRACTICE QUESTIONS
|ORIGINAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
|DETAILED RATIONALES |HINTED COMPLETE
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Section I — Cellular Biology, Adaptation, Injury, and Inflammation
1. Which cellular adaptation occurs when a tissue increases the size
of individual cells in response to increased workload?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Atrophy
C. Hypertrophy
D. Metaplasia
Answer: C. Hypertrophy
Hypertrophy is an increase in individual cell size, commonly occurring
in skeletal and cardiac muscle when workload increases.
2. Which cellular adaptation involves an increase in the number of
cells?
A. Hypertrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Atrophy
D. Dysplasia
Answer: B. Hyperplasia
Hyperplasia results from increased cell proliferation and may be
physiologic or pathologic.
,3. A decrease in cell size caused by reduced workload is called:
A. Atrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Hypertrophy
D. Anaplasia
Answer: A. Atrophy
Atrophy is a reduction in cellular size and often results from disuse,
inadequate nutrition, loss of innervation, or reduced blood supply.
4. Which adaptation involves replacement of one mature cell type
with another mature cell type?
A. Dysplasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Hypertrophy
D. Necrosis
Answer: B. Metaplasia
Metaplasia is a potentially reversible adaptation in which one
differentiated cell type is replaced by another.
5. Which process is a programmed form of cell death?
A. Necrosis
B. Apoptosis
C. Ischemia
D. Autolysis
Answer: B. Apoptosis
Apoptosis is regulated cellular self-destruction that generally occurs
without the marked inflammation associated with necrosis.
,6. Which finding is most characteristic of necrosis?
A. Controlled cell removal
B. Minimal inflammation
C. Cellular swelling and membrane disruption
D. Normal cellular architecture
Answer: C. Cellular swelling and membrane disruption
Necrosis involves irreversible cellular injury, membrane disruption,
leakage of intracellular contents, and inflammatory responses.
7. The most immediate consequence of cellular hypoxia is impaired:
A. DNA transcription
B. ATP production
C. Protein digestion
D. Antibody production
Answer: B. ATP production
Oxygen is required for efficient oxidative phosphorylation; hypoxia
therefore rapidly reduces ATP generation.
8. Which organelle is primarily responsible for aerobic ATP
production?
A. Lysosome
B. Ribosome
C. Mitochondrion
D. Golgi apparatus
Answer: C. Mitochondrion
Mitochondria generate most cellular ATP through oxidative
phosphorylation.
, 9. When ATP becomes depleted during severe cellular injury, which
process is impaired first?
A. Sodium-potassium pump function
B. DNA replication
C. Antibody synthesis
D. Collagen production
Answer: A. Sodium-potassium pump function
ATP depletion impairs membrane ion pumps, causing intracellular
sodium and water accumulation and cellular swelling.
10. Which electrolyte normally has the highest intracellular
concentration?
A. Sodium
B. Potassium
C. Calcium
D. Chloride
Answer: B. Potassium
Potassium is predominantly intracellular, whereas sodium is
predominantly extracellular.
11. A patient develops cellular swelling after severe ischemia.
Which mechanism best explains this finding?
A. Increased protein synthesis
B. Failure of ATP-dependent ion pumps
C. Increased lysosomal activity
D. Increased DNA transcription
Answer: B. Failure of ATP-dependent ion pumps
Comprehensive Exam PRACTICE QUESTIONS
|ORIGINAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
|DETAILED RATIONALES |HINTED COMPLETE
EXAM PREP GRADED A+*INSTANT
DOWNLOAD PDF
Section I — Cellular Biology, Adaptation, Injury, and Inflammation
1. Which cellular adaptation occurs when a tissue increases the size
of individual cells in response to increased workload?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Atrophy
C. Hypertrophy
D. Metaplasia
Answer: C. Hypertrophy
Hypertrophy is an increase in individual cell size, commonly occurring
in skeletal and cardiac muscle when workload increases.
2. Which cellular adaptation involves an increase in the number of
cells?
A. Hypertrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Atrophy
D. Dysplasia
Answer: B. Hyperplasia
Hyperplasia results from increased cell proliferation and may be
physiologic or pathologic.
,3. A decrease in cell size caused by reduced workload is called:
A. Atrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Hypertrophy
D. Anaplasia
Answer: A. Atrophy
Atrophy is a reduction in cellular size and often results from disuse,
inadequate nutrition, loss of innervation, or reduced blood supply.
4. Which adaptation involves replacement of one mature cell type
with another mature cell type?
A. Dysplasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Hypertrophy
D. Necrosis
Answer: B. Metaplasia
Metaplasia is a potentially reversible adaptation in which one
differentiated cell type is replaced by another.
5. Which process is a programmed form of cell death?
A. Necrosis
B. Apoptosis
C. Ischemia
D. Autolysis
Answer: B. Apoptosis
Apoptosis is regulated cellular self-destruction that generally occurs
without the marked inflammation associated with necrosis.
,6. Which finding is most characteristic of necrosis?
A. Controlled cell removal
B. Minimal inflammation
C. Cellular swelling and membrane disruption
D. Normal cellular architecture
Answer: C. Cellular swelling and membrane disruption
Necrosis involves irreversible cellular injury, membrane disruption,
leakage of intracellular contents, and inflammatory responses.
7. The most immediate consequence of cellular hypoxia is impaired:
A. DNA transcription
B. ATP production
C. Protein digestion
D. Antibody production
Answer: B. ATP production
Oxygen is required for efficient oxidative phosphorylation; hypoxia
therefore rapidly reduces ATP generation.
8. Which organelle is primarily responsible for aerobic ATP
production?
A. Lysosome
B. Ribosome
C. Mitochondrion
D. Golgi apparatus
Answer: C. Mitochondrion
Mitochondria generate most cellular ATP through oxidative
phosphorylation.
, 9. When ATP becomes depleted during severe cellular injury, which
process is impaired first?
A. Sodium-potassium pump function
B. DNA replication
C. Antibody synthesis
D. Collagen production
Answer: A. Sodium-potassium pump function
ATP depletion impairs membrane ion pumps, causing intracellular
sodium and water accumulation and cellular swelling.
10. Which electrolyte normally has the highest intracellular
concentration?
A. Sodium
B. Potassium
C. Calcium
D. Chloride
Answer: B. Potassium
Potassium is predominantly intracellular, whereas sodium is
predominantly extracellular.
11. A patient develops cellular swelling after severe ischemia.
Which mechanism best explains this finding?
A. Increased protein synthesis
B. Failure of ATP-dependent ion pumps
C. Increased lysosomal activity
D. Increased DNA transcription
Answer: B. Failure of ATP-dependent ion pumps
