PBH 101 Exam 3 - Public Health Exam Questions & Verified Answers
Health disparities and health equity differences in health outcomes linked to social, economic, or environmental
disadvantage. Health equity is the pursuit of eliminating these disparities to ensure
everyone has a fair opportunity to attain their full health potential.
Social justice equal rights and opportunities in health care, regardless of race, class, gender, or
socioeconomic status.
Populations with health disparities in US racial/ethnic minorities, low-income groups, LGBTQ+ individuals, and rural
residents.
Redlining and health a discriminatory practice that denied services based on race or ethnicity,
contributing to long-term health disparities.
Stressful job definition (documentary) A job with high demands and little control, leading to chronic stress and poor health
outcomes.
Socioeconomic status, stress, chronic disease (Cohen & Lower SES increases chronic stress and risk for diseases. Whitehall studies found a
Whitehall) health gradient even in employed populations.
COVID-19 mortality disparities Minority communities faced higher COVID-19 death rates due to preexisting
disparities and socioeconomic factors.
COVID-19 disparities & documentary link Structural racism, poor working conditions, and chronic stress increased COVID-19
risksâ€"mirroring themes in the documentary.
Epidemiologic transition A shift from infectious to chronic diseases as major causes of death in developing
societies.
Three 'ages' of epidemiologic transition 1) Age of Pestilence and Famine, 2) Age of Receding Pandemics, 3) Age of
Degenerative and Man-Made Diseases.
Top 3 causes of death in 1900 vs. today 1900: pneumonia, tuberculosis, diarrhea. Today: heart disease, cancer,
unintentional injury.
Compression of morbidity Delaying the onset of illness to shorten the time lived with disability or disease.
Atherosclerosis and hypertension plaque buildup in arteries; hypertension is high blood pressure, both risk heart
disease.
Ischemic vs. hemorrhagic stroke Ischemic: blocked vessel. Hemorrhagic: ruptured vessel causing bleeding in the
brain.
Leading cancer types and deaths (men & women) Men: prostate (cases), lung (deaths). Women: breast (cases), lung (deaths).
Stuvia 2026-2027 | Latest Version
, PBH 101 Exam 3 - Public Health Exam Questions & Verified Answers
Key risk factor for prostate cancer Older age; others include race (higher in African Americans) and family history.
Modifiable risk factors for lung, breast, colorectal cancer Lung: smoking. Breast: obesity, alcohol. Colorectal: diet, inactivity.
Type 2 diabetes: physiology, risk, outcomes Insulin resistance causes high blood sugar. Risk factors: obesity, inactivity.
Outcomes: heart disease, amputation.
Most preventable diabetes form Type 2 diabetes is modifiable through diet and physical activity.
Levels of prevention link Primary: prevent. Secondary: screen early. Tertiary: manage disease.
Dr. Friedens goal of health promotion To make healthy choices the default through policy, systems, and environmental
change.
Health impact pyramid Framework showing policy interventions (base) are more impactful than individual
education (top).
Nudge Theory Encouraging behavior change by altering environments subtly without restricting
choice.
MAPPS model components Media, Access, Point of decision, Price, Social support, strategies for population
health.
Elephant, rider, & path metaphor Elephant = emotion, rider = logic, path = environment. All influence behavior
change.
Sources of tobacco harm Tobacco plant toxins, combustion byproducts (tar), nicotine addiction.
Health outcomes of smoking & second-hand smoke Causes cancer, heart disease, COPD, and harms fetal development.
Tobacco milestones (chronological order) Surgeon Generals Reports, labeling acts, Synar Amendment, Clean Indoor Air Act,
Tobacco 21.
Master Settlement Agreement (MSA) 1998 settlement between tobacco companies and states to limit marketing and fund
public health.
MSA impacts Banned youth marketing, funded prevention, and created Truth Initiative.
Stuvia 2026-2027 | Latest Version
Health disparities and health equity differences in health outcomes linked to social, economic, or environmental
disadvantage. Health equity is the pursuit of eliminating these disparities to ensure
everyone has a fair opportunity to attain their full health potential.
Social justice equal rights and opportunities in health care, regardless of race, class, gender, or
socioeconomic status.
Populations with health disparities in US racial/ethnic minorities, low-income groups, LGBTQ+ individuals, and rural
residents.
Redlining and health a discriminatory practice that denied services based on race or ethnicity,
contributing to long-term health disparities.
Stressful job definition (documentary) A job with high demands and little control, leading to chronic stress and poor health
outcomes.
Socioeconomic status, stress, chronic disease (Cohen & Lower SES increases chronic stress and risk for diseases. Whitehall studies found a
Whitehall) health gradient even in employed populations.
COVID-19 mortality disparities Minority communities faced higher COVID-19 death rates due to preexisting
disparities and socioeconomic factors.
COVID-19 disparities & documentary link Structural racism, poor working conditions, and chronic stress increased COVID-19
risksâ€"mirroring themes in the documentary.
Epidemiologic transition A shift from infectious to chronic diseases as major causes of death in developing
societies.
Three 'ages' of epidemiologic transition 1) Age of Pestilence and Famine, 2) Age of Receding Pandemics, 3) Age of
Degenerative and Man-Made Diseases.
Top 3 causes of death in 1900 vs. today 1900: pneumonia, tuberculosis, diarrhea. Today: heart disease, cancer,
unintentional injury.
Compression of morbidity Delaying the onset of illness to shorten the time lived with disability or disease.
Atherosclerosis and hypertension plaque buildup in arteries; hypertension is high blood pressure, both risk heart
disease.
Ischemic vs. hemorrhagic stroke Ischemic: blocked vessel. Hemorrhagic: ruptured vessel causing bleeding in the
brain.
Leading cancer types and deaths (men & women) Men: prostate (cases), lung (deaths). Women: breast (cases), lung (deaths).
Stuvia 2026-2027 | Latest Version
, PBH 101 Exam 3 - Public Health Exam Questions & Verified Answers
Key risk factor for prostate cancer Older age; others include race (higher in African Americans) and family history.
Modifiable risk factors for lung, breast, colorectal cancer Lung: smoking. Breast: obesity, alcohol. Colorectal: diet, inactivity.
Type 2 diabetes: physiology, risk, outcomes Insulin resistance causes high blood sugar. Risk factors: obesity, inactivity.
Outcomes: heart disease, amputation.
Most preventable diabetes form Type 2 diabetes is modifiable through diet and physical activity.
Levels of prevention link Primary: prevent. Secondary: screen early. Tertiary: manage disease.
Dr. Friedens goal of health promotion To make healthy choices the default through policy, systems, and environmental
change.
Health impact pyramid Framework showing policy interventions (base) are more impactful than individual
education (top).
Nudge Theory Encouraging behavior change by altering environments subtly without restricting
choice.
MAPPS model components Media, Access, Point of decision, Price, Social support, strategies for population
health.
Elephant, rider, & path metaphor Elephant = emotion, rider = logic, path = environment. All influence behavior
change.
Sources of tobacco harm Tobacco plant toxins, combustion byproducts (tar), nicotine addiction.
Health outcomes of smoking & second-hand smoke Causes cancer, heart disease, COPD, and harms fetal development.
Tobacco milestones (chronological order) Surgeon Generals Reports, labeling acts, Synar Amendment, Clean Indoor Air Act,
Tobacco 21.
Master Settlement Agreement (MSA) 1998 settlement between tobacco companies and states to limit marketing and fund
public health.
MSA impacts Banned youth marketing, funded prevention, and created Truth Initiative.
Stuvia 2026-2027 | Latest Version
