UPDATE 2026
tonsil grading scale - Answers 1+: visible
2+: halfway b/n tonsillar pillars and uvula
3+: touching uvula
4+: touching each other
(1-2 in healthy people)
normal contour of abdomen - Answers flat or rounded
contour of the abdomen describes - Answers nutritional state
how to auscultate bowel sounds - Answers use diaphragm of stethoscope, hold lightly
against skin, begin in RLQ
how long do you need to auscultate in each quadrant to determine bowel sounds are
completely absent - Answers 5 minutes
how to auscultate vascular sounds - Answers use the bell of the stethoscope, use
firmer pressure over the arteries
is there usually tenderness when palpating the sigmoid colon - Answers yes
what can make organs enlarged - Answers trauma, injury, distention, infection
abnormal findings in GI/GU system - Answers -thrills and bruits
-obesity
-ascites
-cysts
-tumor
-hypo/hyperactive bowel sounds
ethnic differences in the lips - Answers black people may have blue lips and a dark
line on the gingival margin
GI system changes in the aging adult - Answers -salivation decreases
-dec sense of taste
-delayed esophageal emptying and gastric acid secretion
-dec liver size (normal liver functions)
-dec drug metabolism
-frequent constipation
borborygmus - Answers hyperactive bowel sounds
melena can be caused by - Answers taking iron meds
, bright red blood in the stool may be due to - Answers hemorrhoids
developmental changes in men - Answers -testosterone decreases
-pubic hair and penis size dec
-testes dec in size/less firm
2 main causes of end stage renal disease - Answers HTN and diabetes
true incontinence - Answers loss of urine without warning
urgency incontinence - Answers sudden loss of urine, strong sensation and urge
joints - Answers Areas where two or more bones join together
flexion - Answers bending a joint
extension - Answers Straightening of a joint
abduction - Answers Movement away from the midline of the body
adduction - Answers Movement toward the midline of the body
pronation - Answers turning the palm downward
supination - Answers movement that turns the palm up
circumduction - Answers moving the arm in a circle around the shoulder
inversion - Answers moves the sole of the foot inward
eversion - Answers turning the sole of the foot outward
rotation - Answers moving the head around a central axis
protraction - Answers Moving a part forward
retraction - Answers moving a part backward
elevation - Answers raising a body part
depression - Answers lowering a body part
where can the spinous processes of C7 and T1 be found - Answers at base of neck
musculoskeletal changes in the aging adult - Answers -bone resorption inc and
deposition dec after 40
-dec height/kyphosis
-loss of SQ fat
-marked bony prominences
scale for muscle testing - Answers 5: full ROM and resistance (normal)
4: full ROM and some resistance
3: full ROM with gravity
2: full ROM with no gravity (eliminated)
1: slight contraction
0: no contraction