HYPERTENSION AND TYPE 2 DIABETES
EXAM SCRIPT FULL QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS REVIEW
●● What are the two types of cells found in the Islets of Langerhans?
Answer: Alpha cells, which secrete glucagon, and beta cells, which
produce insulin and amylin.
●● When is insulin released in the body?
Answer: Insulin is released daily in response to glucose levels, with low
levels during fasting and increased levels after eating.
●● What is insulin deficiency?
Answer: Insulin deficiency is a disruption in the production of insulin,
which can result in no insulin being produced or only small amounts.
●● What is insulin resistance?
Answer: Insulin resistance is when there are defects in the effective
action of insulin at the cell membrane, preventing glucose from entering
the cell.
●● What is hyperglycemia and its significance in diabetes?
,Answer: Hyperglycemia is when glucose remains in the bloodstream and
levels rise above normal, which is a hallmark sign of Diabetes Mellitus.
●● What are the main characteristics of Diabetes Mellitus?
Answer: Diabetes Mellitus is characterized by elevated blood glucose
levels due to defects in insulin production, insulin action, or both.
●● What are the three types of Diabetes Mellitus?
Answer: Type 1, Type 2, and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus.
●● What is Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and its typical onset age?
Answer: Type 1 DM is often diagnosed before age 30 and is triggered by
an autoimmune process destroying insulin-producing beta cells.
●● What are the clinical manifestations of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?
Answer: Clinical manifestations include polyuria, polydipsia,
polyphagia, fatigue, weight loss, and glucosuria.
●● What are some modifiable risk factors for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?
Answer: Modifiable risk factors include BMI > 26, physical inactivity,
poor cholesterol levels, and metabolic syndrome.
●● What are some non-modifiable risk factors for Type 2 Diabetes
Mellitus?
,Answer: Non-modifiable risk factors include family history of DM,
ethnicity, history of having a baby >9 lbs, hypertension, PCOS, and
previous Hgb A1c > 5.7%.
●● What is the pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?
Answer: Defects at the cell membrane prevent insulin action, leading to
insulin resistance and increased demand for insulin, resulting in beta-cell
failure.
●● What are the clinical manifestations of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?
Answer: Clinical manifestations include polyuria, polydipsia,
polyphagia, fatigue, poor wound healing, cardiovascular disease, visual
disturbances, renal insufficiency, and recurring infections.
●● What is the normal blood glucose range for adults?
Answer: The normal blood glucose range for adults is 70-120 mg/dL.
●● What does Hemoglobin A1c measure?
Answer: Hemoglobin A1c measures the average blood glucose levels
over a 3-month time frame.
●● What are the A1c levels indicating diabetes?
Answer: An A1c of 6.5% or greater indicates diabetes, while greater than
8% indicates poor control.
, ●● What is the fasting blood glucose requirement for testing?
Answer: Fasting for 8 hours is required, with normal levels being less
than 100 mg/dL.
●● What does a two-hour postprandial glucose test measure?
Answer: It measures glucose levels after a patient consumes a high-
glucose drink following fasting for 8-12 hours.
●● What are the results indicating prediabetes in a two-hour glucose
test?
Answer: A result of 140-199 mg/dL indicates prediabetes.
●● What is the significance of a result of 200 mg/dL or higher in a two-
hour glucose test?
Answer: A result of 200 mg/dL or higher indicates diabetes.
●● What is the purpose of the three-hour glucose test?
Answer: The three-hour test is primarily used during pregnancy if the
one-hour test is elevated.
●● What is the purpose of the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)?
Answer: To assess glucose metabolism, typically used for diagnosing
gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).
EXAM SCRIPT FULL QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS REVIEW
●● What are the two types of cells found in the Islets of Langerhans?
Answer: Alpha cells, which secrete glucagon, and beta cells, which
produce insulin and amylin.
●● When is insulin released in the body?
Answer: Insulin is released daily in response to glucose levels, with low
levels during fasting and increased levels after eating.
●● What is insulin deficiency?
Answer: Insulin deficiency is a disruption in the production of insulin,
which can result in no insulin being produced or only small amounts.
●● What is insulin resistance?
Answer: Insulin resistance is when there are defects in the effective
action of insulin at the cell membrane, preventing glucose from entering
the cell.
●● What is hyperglycemia and its significance in diabetes?
,Answer: Hyperglycemia is when glucose remains in the bloodstream and
levels rise above normal, which is a hallmark sign of Diabetes Mellitus.
●● What are the main characteristics of Diabetes Mellitus?
Answer: Diabetes Mellitus is characterized by elevated blood glucose
levels due to defects in insulin production, insulin action, or both.
●● What are the three types of Diabetes Mellitus?
Answer: Type 1, Type 2, and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus.
●● What is Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and its typical onset age?
Answer: Type 1 DM is often diagnosed before age 30 and is triggered by
an autoimmune process destroying insulin-producing beta cells.
●● What are the clinical manifestations of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?
Answer: Clinical manifestations include polyuria, polydipsia,
polyphagia, fatigue, weight loss, and glucosuria.
●● What are some modifiable risk factors for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?
Answer: Modifiable risk factors include BMI > 26, physical inactivity,
poor cholesterol levels, and metabolic syndrome.
●● What are some non-modifiable risk factors for Type 2 Diabetes
Mellitus?
,Answer: Non-modifiable risk factors include family history of DM,
ethnicity, history of having a baby >9 lbs, hypertension, PCOS, and
previous Hgb A1c > 5.7%.
●● What is the pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?
Answer: Defects at the cell membrane prevent insulin action, leading to
insulin resistance and increased demand for insulin, resulting in beta-cell
failure.
●● What are the clinical manifestations of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?
Answer: Clinical manifestations include polyuria, polydipsia,
polyphagia, fatigue, poor wound healing, cardiovascular disease, visual
disturbances, renal insufficiency, and recurring infections.
●● What is the normal blood glucose range for adults?
Answer: The normal blood glucose range for adults is 70-120 mg/dL.
●● What does Hemoglobin A1c measure?
Answer: Hemoglobin A1c measures the average blood glucose levels
over a 3-month time frame.
●● What are the A1c levels indicating diabetes?
Answer: An A1c of 6.5% or greater indicates diabetes, while greater than
8% indicates poor control.
, ●● What is the fasting blood glucose requirement for testing?
Answer: Fasting for 8 hours is required, with normal levels being less
than 100 mg/dL.
●● What does a two-hour postprandial glucose test measure?
Answer: It measures glucose levels after a patient consumes a high-
glucose drink following fasting for 8-12 hours.
●● What are the results indicating prediabetes in a two-hour glucose
test?
Answer: A result of 140-199 mg/dL indicates prediabetes.
●● What is the significance of a result of 200 mg/dL or higher in a two-
hour glucose test?
Answer: A result of 200 mg/dL or higher indicates diabetes.
●● What is the purpose of the three-hour glucose test?
Answer: The three-hour test is primarily used during pregnancy if the
one-hour test is elevated.
●● What is the purpose of the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)?
Answer: To assess glucose metabolism, typically used for diagnosing
gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).
