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Samenvatting International Strategy | Tilburg University | 2025/26

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Lecture notes from the International Strategy course at Tilburg University covering the foundations of international business strategy and multinational enterprise (MNE) operations. Topics include internationalization motives (market-seeking, efficiency-seeking, resource-seeking, strategic asset-seeking), location choice decisions, entry modes (export, licensing, franchising, joint ventures, FDI), firm-specific advantages (FSA), and comparative analysis of real-world cases including Swapfiets, Apple, and IKEA. Essential for understanding the WHY, WHERE, WHAT, and HOW framework of international strategy and well-suited for exam preparation.

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Lecture 1: Introduction International Strategy

International Strategy
-​ Afstemmen van internal strengths of a multinational enterprise ( MNE)
-​ Changes and challenges of cross-border ( grensoverschrijdend) environment
-​ Overcoming the disadvantages of being a foreign company
-​ Profiteren van advantages of being foreign company
-​ Profiteren of advantages of a international network
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
EXAMPLES

1.​ SWAPFIETS: Build upon its unique resources and capacities as → business model, service
excellence, distinctive ( onderscheidend) branding and partnerships with suppliers
-​ Netflix of bikes → Bikes as services
International strategy relies on
-​ Market outside home country → Focusing on cities
-​ Started with cities with biggest cycling infrastructure and culture

2.​ APPLE: Built upon its unique resources & capabilities → technology, brand, complementary products
​ International strategy relies on
-​ Global market for smartphone
-​ Global opportunities for sourcing and manufacturing → Global network
-​ Foreign knowledge and partnering → R&D in China

3.​ IKEA: Built upon its unique resources and capabilities as → Design, unique business model and brand
International strategy relies on
-​ Global opportunities for design, sourcing and manufacturing → Global network of suppliers
-​ Global customers
-​ Ikea change its products a lot overseas → Veel differentiatie ( bijv IKEA China en NL)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Article: Elements of International strategy ( Benito, 2015)
1.​ WHY → Internationalization motives
-​



a.​ Market seeking: Verkopen aan nieuwe klanten
i.​ Marktomvang en groei
ii.​ Welvaart en smaak van consumenten
iii.​ Beschikbaarheid van verkoopkanalen
iv.​ Beschikbaarheid van marketing- en verkoop professionals
b.​ Efficiency seeking: Kosten verlagen en productiviteit verhogen
i.​ Beschikbaarheid van productiefactoren tegen lage kosten (arbeid, energie)
c.​ Resource seeking: Toegang tot resources die thuis schaars en duur zijn
i.​ natuurlijke hulpbronnen, materiaal, land, infrastructuur
d.​ Strategic asset seeking: Strategische assets (technologie/know how/talent/merken) verkrijgen.
i.​ Beschikbaarheid van knowledge related asset
ii.​ Beschikbaarheid van gespecialiseerde intermediairs en dienstverleners
e.​ Export platform​
i.​ Goedkoop produceren en naar andere landen verschepen
ii.​ Infrastructuur is cruciaal
iii.​ Handelsakkoorden zijn belangrijk
2.​ WHERE → Location choice
a.​ Attractiveness of country
b.​ Distance to home country

, 3.​ WHAT → Wàt onderneming over de grens brengt:
a.​ Marketing and Sales
b.​ Manufacturing
c.​ Purchasing, extraction → Winnen van natuurlijke hulpbronnen als olie
d.​ R&D

4.​ HOW of internationalization → Hoe?
a.​ Export
b.​ Licensing
c.​ Franchising
d.​ Joint Venture and Alliance
i.​ JV: 2 of meer bedrijven richten samen een nieuwe gezamenlijke onderneming delen equity,
risk and profit
ii.​ Alliance: Samenwerking tussen bedrijven via contracten
e.​ Foreign Direct Investment → Controle of duurzame influence
i.​ Brownfield: Investeren in bestaande locatie of bedrijven in buitenland
ii.​ Greenfield: Helemaal nieuw opzetten in buitenland bijv nieuw fabriek
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Exam question: Leg aan de hand van artikel van Benito (2015) het verschil uit tussen marktgerichte en
efficiëntie gerichte directe buitenlandse investeringen (FDI) in termen van de factoren "Waar", "Hoe" en "Wat".

-​ WHERE → Location choice
●​ Market-seeking: Grote/groeiende afzetmarkten waar de klanten zitten
●​ Efficiency-seeking: Locaties met kosten- en productiviteit voordelen
-​ HOW → Hoe?
●​ Market-seeking: lokaal aanwezig + aanpassen om markttoegang/legitimiteit te krijgen;
○​ Sales/marketing-dochter, distributie, en regelmatig JV/acquisitie voor snelle toegang tot
kanalen/klanten.
●​ Efficiency-seeking: activiteiten integreren in het internationale netwerk met vaak hoge
controle/wholly owned; vaak greenfield om efficiënt te standaardiseren (brownfield kan ook).
-​ WHAT → Wàt onderneming over de grens brengt:
●​ Market-seeking: Downstream dicht bij de klant: verkoop, marketing, service, distributie
●​ Efficiency-seeking: Cost/efficiency-activiteiten:
○​ productie/assemblage, supply chain, shared services/back-office (gestandaardiseerde
processen).

,Foundations of International Business Strategy

1.​ Firm Specific Advantages → Motor achter internationalisering

Non-location bound FSA Location bound FSA

Patents Natural Resources

Technology Specialized Local Labor

Brand Local Supply chain

Finance -​ Proximity to markets
-​ Cultural relevance
-​ Brand loyalty


FSA = core competencies ( Routines and recombination capabilities)
-​ Provide access to wide variety of market
-​ Contribute to the end-product benefits
-​ Difficult for competitors to imitate
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
-​
2.​ Location advantages: Strengths of a location, and accessible by firms in that location
-​ Investment and value creation → Resource Recombination
-​ Especially addition of new knowledge
-​ Recombination capabilities are built up through international experience

​ ​ ​ Location advantages
-​ Human capital → kennis en vaardigheid van mensen
-​ Natural resources
-​ Consumer base or market → Klanten die bedrijf kan bereiken
-​
3.​ Complementary resources of external actors
-​ Market knowledge/ access
-​ Government connection
-​ Complementary technology
-​ Distributors, suppliers

, 4.​ Bounded rationality and Bounded reliability

Liability of Foreignness: Disadvantage of foreign firm

Bounded Rationality
Unable to process all information and therefore make decisions with limited knowledge
-​ Scarcity of mind: Onvolledige inschatting van de huidige of toekomstige stand van zaken
-​ Incomplete information
-​ Leads into incorrect beliefs
Bounded Reliability
Not always fully honoring their agreements → Insufficient ( onvoldoende) effort or changing opinion/priority.
-​ Scarcity of effort: Imperfect effort towards pre-specified goal achievement
-​ Opportunism

Governance‑mechanismen → Reduce Bounded Reliability
-​ Contractual safeguards: Afspraken maken over controle en beloningen
-​ Joint Goal Development: Samen bepalen wat je wilt bereiken


5.​ Advantages of foreignness
-​ Cultural attractiveness: Italian styling
-​ Arbitraging between different regimes: Gebruik van verschillen tussen regels, wetten of systemen
in verschillende landen om voordeel te krijgen.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………



FSA: Wat kan jouw bedrijf uniek en goed → Transferable of Non-transferable

Location: What advantages does the country offer

Drempels bij de grens:

-​ Bounded Rationality: Lack of Knowledge
-​ Bounded Reliability: Reliability Risk

Succes in het buitenland hangt af van welke krachten je kunt verplaatsen en hoe je omgaat
met onzekerheid en onbetrouwbare partners.




Wat neem je mee: Internationally Transferable FSA

Laat krachten achter die in het buitenland niet werken → Non-transferable

Wat voeg je toe: Complementary Resources → Lokale hulp/ middelen in nieuw land.

Eigen FSA + Complementary Resources → Recombination ( om
succesvol te worden in foreign country)

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