NU 545 Pathophysiology Units 1–7 Study Guide | Complete Exam Bundle | University of South Alabama

(Units 1–7 Study Guide) for NU 545

Pathophysiology Complete Exam Bundle |

University of South Alabama

1. A patient with chronic hypoxia secondary to COPD

develops an increase in red blood cell mass. This is an

example of which type of cellular adaptation?



A) Atrophy




B) Hypertrophy




C) Hyperplasia




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,D) Metaplasia

Answer: C – Hyperplasia

Rationale: Hyperplasia is an increase in cell number in

response to a stimulus (e.g., hypoxia → erythropoietin →

RBC hyperplasia).



2. A smoker develops ciliated pseudostratified columnar

epithelium in the bronchi changing to stratified squamous

epithelium. This is called:



A) Dysplasia




B) Metaplasia




C) Anaplasia




2

,D) Neoplasia

Answer: B – Metaplasia

Rationale: Metaplasia is a reversible change of one

differentiated cell type to another, often due to chronic

irritation.



3. Which cellular organelle is responsible for ATP

production and is damaged in mitochondrial myopathies?



A) Nucleus




B) Ribosome




C) Mitochondrion




3

, D) Golgi apparatus j6




j6 Answer: C – Mitochondrion
j6 j6 j6




Rationale: Mitochondria produce ATP via oxidative
j6 j6 j6 j6 j6




j6 phosphorylation; damage leads to fatigue and muscle j6 j6 j6 j6 j6 j6




j6 weakness.



4. A patient with ischemia-reperfusion injury has cell
j6 j6 j6 j6 j6 j6




j6 death triggered by calcium overload. Which mechanism
j6 j6 j6 j6 j6 j6




j6 does calcium use to cause injury?
j6 j6 j6 j6 j6




A) Activating proteases and endonucleases j6 j6 j6




B) Inhibiting ATP synthase j6 j6




C) Blocking sodium channels j6 j6




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