,Chapter 1: Introduction to Pathophysiology
Section A: Multiple Choice Questions (1–50)
1. Which of the following would be the most likely cause of an iatrogenic disease? a.
An inherited disorder
b. A combination of specific etiological factors
c. An unwanted effect of a prescribed drug
d. Prolonged exposure to toxic chemicals in the environment
ANS: C
Rationale: Iatrogenic diseases result from medical treatment or procedures. An unwanted effect of a
prescribed drug is a classic iatrogenic cause. Inherited disorders are genetic, and toxic chemical exposure
is environmental.
2. The manifestations of a disease are best defined as the:
a. subjective feelings of discomfort during a chronic illness.
b. signs and symptoms of a disease.
c. factors that precipitate an acute episode of a chronic illness.
d. early indicators of the prodromal stage of infection.
ANS: B
Rationale: Manifestations are the clinical evidence of disease — both signs (objective) and symptoms
(subjective).
3. The best definition of the term prognosis is the:
a. precipitating factors causing an acute episode.
b. number of remissions to be expected during the course of a chronic illness.
c. predicted outcome or likelihood of recovery from a specific disease.
d. exacerbations occurring during chronic illness.
ANS: C
Rationale: Prognosis refers to the predicted outcome or likelihood of recovery from a disease.
4. Which of the following is considered a systemic sign of disease?
,a. Swelling of the knee
b. Fever
c. Pain in the neck
d. Red rash on the face
ANS: B
Rationale: Fever is a systemic sign affecting the whole body. The others are local signs confined to
specific areas.
5. Etiology is defined as the study of the:
a. causes of a disease.
b. course of a disease.
c. expected complications of a disease.
d. manifestations of a disease.
ANS: A
Rationale: Etiology concerns the causative factors of a disease.
6. A type of cellular adaptation in which there is a decrease in cell size is referred to as:
a. hypertrophy.
b. metaplasia.
c. anaplasia.
d. atrophy.
ANS: D
Rationale: Atrophy is a decrease in cell size resulting in reduced tissue mass.
7. A change in a tissue marked by cells that vary in size and shape and show increased mitotic figures
would be called:
a. metaplasia.
b. atrophy.
c. dysplasia.
d. hypertrophy.
, ANS: C
Rationale: Dysplasia is characterized by cells varying in size and shape with increased mitotic figures.
8. A deficit of oxygen in the cells usually due to respiratory or circulatory problems is called: a.
apoptosis.
b. ischemia.
c. gangrene.
d. necrosis.
ANS: B
Rationale: Ischemia is a deficit of oxygen in cells due to impaired blood flow.
9. When a group of cells in the body dies, the change is called: a.
necrosis.
b. gangrene.
c. hypoxia.
d. apoptosis.
ANS: A
Rationale: Necrosis refers to the death of a group of cells.
10. The term cancer refers to:
a. hyperplasia.
b. metaplasia.
c. dysplasia.
d. malignant neoplasm.
ANS: D
Rationale: Cancer is a malignant neoplasm.
11. To which of the following does the term apoptosis refer?
a. Increased rate of mitosis by certain cells
b. Ischemic damage to cells
Section A: Multiple Choice Questions (1–50)
1. Which of the following would be the most likely cause of an iatrogenic disease? a.
An inherited disorder
b. A combination of specific etiological factors
c. An unwanted effect of a prescribed drug
d. Prolonged exposure to toxic chemicals in the environment
ANS: C
Rationale: Iatrogenic diseases result from medical treatment or procedures. An unwanted effect of a
prescribed drug is a classic iatrogenic cause. Inherited disorders are genetic, and toxic chemical exposure
is environmental.
2. The manifestations of a disease are best defined as the:
a. subjective feelings of discomfort during a chronic illness.
b. signs and symptoms of a disease.
c. factors that precipitate an acute episode of a chronic illness.
d. early indicators of the prodromal stage of infection.
ANS: B
Rationale: Manifestations are the clinical evidence of disease — both signs (objective) and symptoms
(subjective).
3. The best definition of the term prognosis is the:
a. precipitating factors causing an acute episode.
b. number of remissions to be expected during the course of a chronic illness.
c. predicted outcome or likelihood of recovery from a specific disease.
d. exacerbations occurring during chronic illness.
ANS: C
Rationale: Prognosis refers to the predicted outcome or likelihood of recovery from a disease.
4. Which of the following is considered a systemic sign of disease?
,a. Swelling of the knee
b. Fever
c. Pain in the neck
d. Red rash on the face
ANS: B
Rationale: Fever is a systemic sign affecting the whole body. The others are local signs confined to
specific areas.
5. Etiology is defined as the study of the:
a. causes of a disease.
b. course of a disease.
c. expected complications of a disease.
d. manifestations of a disease.
ANS: A
Rationale: Etiology concerns the causative factors of a disease.
6. A type of cellular adaptation in which there is a decrease in cell size is referred to as:
a. hypertrophy.
b. metaplasia.
c. anaplasia.
d. atrophy.
ANS: D
Rationale: Atrophy is a decrease in cell size resulting in reduced tissue mass.
7. A change in a tissue marked by cells that vary in size and shape and show increased mitotic figures
would be called:
a. metaplasia.
b. atrophy.
c. dysplasia.
d. hypertrophy.
, ANS: C
Rationale: Dysplasia is characterized by cells varying in size and shape with increased mitotic figures.
8. A deficit of oxygen in the cells usually due to respiratory or circulatory problems is called: a.
apoptosis.
b. ischemia.
c. gangrene.
d. necrosis.
ANS: B
Rationale: Ischemia is a deficit of oxygen in cells due to impaired blood flow.
9. When a group of cells in the body dies, the change is called: a.
necrosis.
b. gangrene.
c. hypoxia.
d. apoptosis.
ANS: A
Rationale: Necrosis refers to the death of a group of cells.
10. The term cancer refers to:
a. hyperplasia.
b. metaplasia.
c. dysplasia.
d. malignant neoplasm.
ANS: D
Rationale: Cancer is a malignant neoplasm.
11. To which of the following does the term apoptosis refer?
a. Increased rate of mitosis by certain cells
b. Ischemic damage to cells
