HUETHER AND MCCANCE UNDERSTANDING
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY PRACTICE QUESTIONS
AND DETAILED SOLUTIONS
◉ Harmful alterations.
Answer: pathological
◉ Cellular Adaptation.
Answer: escape and protection from injury, not all cell changes bad,
often good
◉ Atrophy.
Answer: decrease, shrinkage in cell size usually involves heart,
skeletal muscles, primary or secondary sex organs (ovaries or
uterus), and brain
◉ Physiologic atrophy.
Answer: thymus gland in children
◉ Pathologic atrophy.
,Answer: occurs as a result of a decrease in workload, pressure use,
blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, and nervous system
simulation
◉ Disuse atrophy.
Answer: skeletal muscle caused by immobilized in bed for prolonged
time
◉ Atrophy with aging.
Answer: brain cells become atrophic and endocrine dependent
organs, i.e. gonads shrink as hormonal stimulation decreases
(chronic kidney disease also associated with atrophy)
◉ Hypertrophy (cellular adaptation).
Answer: increase size (may be adaptive), skeletal and cardiac
muscles (work-related),
◉ Examples of hypertrophy.
Answer: cell growth of remaining kidney after removal of diseased
kidney, or increase growth of uterus and mammary glands in
pregnancy
◉ Mechanical stimuli.
,Answer: stretch of heart or skeletal muscle or smooth muscle of
uterus
◉ Trophic signals.
Answer: growth factors, hormones (may be adaptive i.e.
physiological or pathological)
◉ Pathological hypertrophy.
Answer: hypertrophy of heart muscle due to increased workload
(valve dysfunction or uncontrolled hypertension)
◉ Agromegaly.
Answer: hypertrophy of heart muscle due to excess growth hormone
◉ Hyperplasia.
Answer: increase number of cells relative to increased rate of
cellular division (not size of cells)
◉ What does hyperplasia allow.
Answer: Compensatory allows organs to regenerate (i.e. 70% of
liver), adaptive mechanism
◉ Hormal hyperplasia.
, Answer: i.e. estrogen and progesterone cause uterine lining to
grown in preparation for possible pg
◉ Pathologic hyperplasia.
Answer: abnormal cell proliferation of normal cells usually in
response to excessive hormonal stimulation or growth factors on
target cells
◉ Neoplasm.
Answer: can be benign or malignant growth of tissue (i.e. polyps in
colon)
◉ Pathologic hyperplasia common in.
Answer: endometrium, and prostate, if hormone imbalance
correction hyperplasia regresses
◉ metaplasia.
Answer: reversible replacement of one cell type with another cell
type
◉ Metaplasia in respiratory tract.
Answer: replacement of normal columnar ciliated cells in the
bronchi with stratified squamous cells (major cause smoking)
Stratified squamous do not secrete mucous or have cilia. Reversible
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY PRACTICE QUESTIONS
AND DETAILED SOLUTIONS
◉ Harmful alterations.
Answer: pathological
◉ Cellular Adaptation.
Answer: escape and protection from injury, not all cell changes bad,
often good
◉ Atrophy.
Answer: decrease, shrinkage in cell size usually involves heart,
skeletal muscles, primary or secondary sex organs (ovaries or
uterus), and brain
◉ Physiologic atrophy.
Answer: thymus gland in children
◉ Pathologic atrophy.
,Answer: occurs as a result of a decrease in workload, pressure use,
blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, and nervous system
simulation
◉ Disuse atrophy.
Answer: skeletal muscle caused by immobilized in bed for prolonged
time
◉ Atrophy with aging.
Answer: brain cells become atrophic and endocrine dependent
organs, i.e. gonads shrink as hormonal stimulation decreases
(chronic kidney disease also associated with atrophy)
◉ Hypertrophy (cellular adaptation).
Answer: increase size (may be adaptive), skeletal and cardiac
muscles (work-related),
◉ Examples of hypertrophy.
Answer: cell growth of remaining kidney after removal of diseased
kidney, or increase growth of uterus and mammary glands in
pregnancy
◉ Mechanical stimuli.
,Answer: stretch of heart or skeletal muscle or smooth muscle of
uterus
◉ Trophic signals.
Answer: growth factors, hormones (may be adaptive i.e.
physiological or pathological)
◉ Pathological hypertrophy.
Answer: hypertrophy of heart muscle due to increased workload
(valve dysfunction or uncontrolled hypertension)
◉ Agromegaly.
Answer: hypertrophy of heart muscle due to excess growth hormone
◉ Hyperplasia.
Answer: increase number of cells relative to increased rate of
cellular division (not size of cells)
◉ What does hyperplasia allow.
Answer: Compensatory allows organs to regenerate (i.e. 70% of
liver), adaptive mechanism
◉ Hormal hyperplasia.
, Answer: i.e. estrogen and progesterone cause uterine lining to
grown in preparation for possible pg
◉ Pathologic hyperplasia.
Answer: abnormal cell proliferation of normal cells usually in
response to excessive hormonal stimulation or growth factors on
target cells
◉ Neoplasm.
Answer: can be benign or malignant growth of tissue (i.e. polyps in
colon)
◉ Pathologic hyperplasia common in.
Answer: endometrium, and prostate, if hormone imbalance
correction hyperplasia regresses
◉ metaplasia.
Answer: reversible replacement of one cell type with another cell
type
◉ Metaplasia in respiratory tract.
Answer: replacement of normal columnar ciliated cells in the
bronchi with stratified squamous cells (major cause smoking)
Stratified squamous do not secrete mucous or have cilia. Reversible
