HUETHER AND MCCANCE UNDERSTANDING
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FULLY SOLVED TEST
PAPER GRADED A+
◉ As plasma flow from the arterial to the venous end of the capillary,
which four forces determine if fluid moves out of the capillary and
into the interstitial space (filtration) or if fluid moves back into the
capillary from the interstitial space (reabsorption)?.
Answer: 1. Capillary hydrostatic pressure (blood pressure)
2. Capillary (plasma) oncotic pressure
3. Interstitial hydrostatic pressure
4. Interstitial oncotic pressure
◉ Osmolality.
Answer: The number of electrolytes present in the body water
(concentration). The proportion of solute to solvent, or the amount
of electrolytes compared with the volume of water in any
compartment
◉ What happens when there is lower osmolality in the extracellular
fluid (ECF)?.
,Answer: Water moves from the compartment with lower osmolality
to the compartment with higher osmolality until osmotic
equilibrium is reestablished. (osmosis)
◉ What are the dominant ions of the ECF (interstitial and
intravascular) and ICF?.
Answer: Sodium and Potassium
◉ How much of the sodium is contained in the ECF (interstitial and
intravascular) spaces?.
Answer: 90%
◉ How much of the potassium is contained in the ICF?.
Answer: 98%
◉ Net filtration.
Answer: the movement of fluid back and forth across the capillary
wall
◉ Starling hypothesis.
Answer: Net filtration = forces favoring filtration minus forces
opposing filtration
, ◉ Edema.
Answer: excessive accumulation of fluid within the interstitial
spaces
◉ Causes of edema.
Answer: -Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure (venous
obstruction, excess volume, prolonged standing or vasodilation)
-Lowered plasma oncotic pressure
-Lymphatic channel obstruction (infection, or surgical removal ie.
mastectomy)
-Increased capillary membrane permeability
(inflammatory/immune response)
◉ Manifestations of edema.
Answer: -Swelling and puffiness
-Increase in body weight
-Functional impairment (such as limited movement of affected
joints)
-Pain
-Impairment of blood flow
-Skin breakdown
◉ Localized edema:.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FULLY SOLVED TEST
PAPER GRADED A+
◉ As plasma flow from the arterial to the venous end of the capillary,
which four forces determine if fluid moves out of the capillary and
into the interstitial space (filtration) or if fluid moves back into the
capillary from the interstitial space (reabsorption)?.
Answer: 1. Capillary hydrostatic pressure (blood pressure)
2. Capillary (plasma) oncotic pressure
3. Interstitial hydrostatic pressure
4. Interstitial oncotic pressure
◉ Osmolality.
Answer: The number of electrolytes present in the body water
(concentration). The proportion of solute to solvent, or the amount
of electrolytes compared with the volume of water in any
compartment
◉ What happens when there is lower osmolality in the extracellular
fluid (ECF)?.
,Answer: Water moves from the compartment with lower osmolality
to the compartment with higher osmolality until osmotic
equilibrium is reestablished. (osmosis)
◉ What are the dominant ions of the ECF (interstitial and
intravascular) and ICF?.
Answer: Sodium and Potassium
◉ How much of the sodium is contained in the ECF (interstitial and
intravascular) spaces?.
Answer: 90%
◉ How much of the potassium is contained in the ICF?.
Answer: 98%
◉ Net filtration.
Answer: the movement of fluid back and forth across the capillary
wall
◉ Starling hypothesis.
Answer: Net filtration = forces favoring filtration minus forces
opposing filtration
, ◉ Edema.
Answer: excessive accumulation of fluid within the interstitial
spaces
◉ Causes of edema.
Answer: -Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure (venous
obstruction, excess volume, prolonged standing or vasodilation)
-Lowered plasma oncotic pressure
-Lymphatic channel obstruction (infection, or surgical removal ie.
mastectomy)
-Increased capillary membrane permeability
(inflammatory/immune response)
◉ Manifestations of edema.
Answer: -Swelling and puffiness
-Increase in body weight
-Functional impairment (such as limited movement of affected
joints)
-Pain
-Impairment of blood flow
-Skin breakdown
◉ Localized edema:.
