HONDROS NUR 212 EXAM 3 SOLVED
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED SOLUTIONS
◉ Type 1 treatment.
Answer: Insulin only.
oral agents will not work
◉ DKA patho.
Answer: *abrupt*
1. not enough insulin
2. blood sugar becomes VERY high
3. cells break down protein and fat into energy
4. ketones build up---acidosis
◉ DKA signs and symptoms.
Answer: Ketosis and acidosis
fruity breath
hyperglycemia
dehydration
,kussmaul respiration--trying to blow off CO2
◉ DKA treatment.
Answer: IV insulin
Fluid replacement
Correction of fluid/electrolyte imbalances
◉ Type 2 diabetes.
Answer: Does not produce enough insulin or produces bad insulin
that does not work properly.
onset usually as an adult
◉ Type 2 signs and symptoms.
Answer: Polyuria
Polydipsia
Polyphagia
◉ Type 2 treatment.
Answer: Diet and exercise
oral hypoglycemia agents--metformin
sometimes insulin
,◉ HHS (Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State) patho.
Answer: *gradual onset*
No acidosis present
High amount of glucose in the blood
◉ HHS (Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State) signs and symptoms.
Answer: Hyperglycemia
◉ HHS (Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State) Treatment.
Answer: Fluid replacement
Correction of electrolyte imbalances
Possible insulin administration
◉ How do the kidneys compensate?.
Answer: Excreting excess acid and bicarb (HCO3)
OR
Retaining hydrogen and bicarb (HCO3)
◉ How do the lungs compensate?.
Answer: Hyperventilating = decreased CO2 = alkalosis
, Hypoventilating = increased CO2 = Acidosis
◉ Respiratory Acidosis patho.
Answer: *Lung problem, kidneys compensate*
-The lungs are retaining too much CO2
-The kidneys excrete hydrogen and retain bicarb
◉ Respiratory Acidosis causes.
Answer: Retaining CO2 "depress" breathing
*D*rugs (opioids and sedatives
*E*dema (fluid in lungs)
*P*neumonia (excess mucus in the lungs)
*R*espiratory center of brain is damaged
*E*mboli (pulmonary emboli)
*S*pasms of the bronchial (asthma)
*S*ac elasticity damage (COPD and emphysema)
*all cause impaired gas exchange*
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED SOLUTIONS
◉ Type 1 treatment.
Answer: Insulin only.
oral agents will not work
◉ DKA patho.
Answer: *abrupt*
1. not enough insulin
2. blood sugar becomes VERY high
3. cells break down protein and fat into energy
4. ketones build up---acidosis
◉ DKA signs and symptoms.
Answer: Ketosis and acidosis
fruity breath
hyperglycemia
dehydration
,kussmaul respiration--trying to blow off CO2
◉ DKA treatment.
Answer: IV insulin
Fluid replacement
Correction of fluid/electrolyte imbalances
◉ Type 2 diabetes.
Answer: Does not produce enough insulin or produces bad insulin
that does not work properly.
onset usually as an adult
◉ Type 2 signs and symptoms.
Answer: Polyuria
Polydipsia
Polyphagia
◉ Type 2 treatment.
Answer: Diet and exercise
oral hypoglycemia agents--metformin
sometimes insulin
,◉ HHS (Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State) patho.
Answer: *gradual onset*
No acidosis present
High amount of glucose in the blood
◉ HHS (Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State) signs and symptoms.
Answer: Hyperglycemia
◉ HHS (Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State) Treatment.
Answer: Fluid replacement
Correction of electrolyte imbalances
Possible insulin administration
◉ How do the kidneys compensate?.
Answer: Excreting excess acid and bicarb (HCO3)
OR
Retaining hydrogen and bicarb (HCO3)
◉ How do the lungs compensate?.
Answer: Hyperventilating = decreased CO2 = alkalosis
, Hypoventilating = increased CO2 = Acidosis
◉ Respiratory Acidosis patho.
Answer: *Lung problem, kidneys compensate*
-The lungs are retaining too much CO2
-The kidneys excrete hydrogen and retain bicarb
◉ Respiratory Acidosis causes.
Answer: Retaining CO2 "depress" breathing
*D*rugs (opioids and sedatives
*E*dema (fluid in lungs)
*P*neumonia (excess mucus in the lungs)
*R*espiratory center of brain is damaged
*E*mboli (pulmonary emboli)
*S*pasms of the bronchial (asthma)
*S*ac elasticity damage (COPD and emphysema)
*all cause impaired gas exchange*
