PRAXIS FAMILY AND CONSUMER SCIENCES EXAM | QUESTIONS
AND CORRECT ANSWERS | GRADED A+ | LATEST VERSION |
VERIFIED ANSWERS
Individuation is the process through which a person comes to think of himself or herself as a distinct
person despite being a member of a family. - (CORRECT ANSWER)Children at first identify entirely with
the mores, norms, and values of their family; it is only after prolonged exposure to other people outside
the home that a child will begin to question his or her upbringing and perhaps modify his or her belief
system. A fully individualized person is able to maintain a coherent personality without renouncing
membership in a family with which he or she may have some disagreement.
Agrarian societies are more likely to live with their extended families. - (CORRECT ANSWER)An extended
family is comprised of more than one adult couple. For instance, it might include a man and a woman,
their children, and their grandchildren. Agrarian societies in which people tend the same land for their
entire lives are more conducive to the maintenance of the extended family. This is in part because it is
more difficult for a large group to move around together. In modern, industrial, urban, and nomadic
societies, it is more common for people to be grouped together in nuclear families (one adult couple
and their children)
Financial Stability is NOT necessary for a person to commit emotionally to a marriage. - (CORRECT
ANSWER)Despite money being a main issue for divorce, it is more important for partners to have good
self-esteem, empathy, a feeling of permanence in the relationship, and strong personal identities. Solid
marriages weather the inevitable hard times with a mixture of humor, empathy, and habit. The idea of
empathy is particularly important in marriage because it implies that each partner may not fully
understand the other. Nevertheless, a loving spouse with try to help whenever possible.
Having a child between the ages of 2 and 4 has little to no effect on job satisfaction. - (CORRECT
ANSWER)Research suggests that parents often feel some strain as they occupy multiple roles, but this is
offset by the enjoyment they derive from their work. Having a newborn, on the other hand, has a
noticeably damaging effect on job satisfaction. The demands of caring for a newborn, as well as the
desire to spend as much time as possible with this new child, make it unpleasant to be away from home
for any reason. Flexible scheduling, high wages, and intellectual challenge are all directly correlated with
job satisfaction.
Accepting that the marriage is over is the first step a person should take after divorce. - (CORRECT
ANSWER)Psychologists estimate that it takes most people at least two years to accept divorce entirely.
Until this is reached, the divorcee should not initiate a new relationship. The best way to complete the
process of acceptance is to establish an individual identity. This may include developing a balance
between being single and being a parent. It is appropriate to plan for the future, but people should be
1
,aware that it is impossible to predict what they will want once they have fully processed the finality of
the divorce.
Sibling rivalry is most pronounced in same-sex siblings within three years of age. - (CORRECT ANSWER)In
the first eight to ten years of life, siblings tend to alternate between cooperation and competition. As
they grow older, they will often spend little time together for a few years, but during adolescence will
gradually develop empathy for one another. Most research suggests that adult relationships between
siblings simply exaggerate the tone of the relationship of the youth; that is, good relationships get
better and bad relationships get worse.
Married women typically earn a lower wage than single women. - (CORRECT ANSWER)This is an
exception to the general trend, which is that married people are healthier, wealthier, and more content
than their single counterparts. Married men are less likely to abuse alcohol and drugs, and less likely to
become depressed. Married women are healthier and more likely to report satisfaction with their home
lives. One reason why married women may earn less money is that they are more likely to be raising
children, and therefore less focused on professional development. Despite reports about the decline of
marriage, an overwhelming majority of Americans will marry at least once during their lives.
Accepting a stepparent is hardest for adolescent girls. - (CORRECT ANSWER)The bond between a
stepparent, particularly a stepfather, and an adolescent girl takes the longest to form. One possible
reason for this phenomenon is that stepfathers tend to be less engaged with stepdaughters than with
stepsons. The effect of remarriage on children is much the same as divorce because it involves a
fundamental restructuring of the family concept. Nevertheless, stepparents who work to engage with
their stepchildren can develop positive relationships over time.
Both the content and the style of family communication are important. - (CORRECT ANSWER)The
members of a family should work on communicating positively. The decisions made by families tend to
reinforce the status quo in the interest of conformity and conflict avoidance. For reasons both genetic
and environmental, the members of families are likely to struggle with the same sorts of problems in
life. Despite a general tendency toward stability and consistency, families inevitably change in response
to the aging of each member and to pressures from the environment. Finally, it is a central tenet of
family science that it is impossible to understand a family member without understanding the family as
a whole.
According to John Gottman, humor is the best response to criticism by a spouse. - (CORRECT
ANSWER)When the criticized partner responds to criticism by deflecting or soothing the other person,
2
,tempers are quelled and the partnership remains strong. Gottman's research suggests that there is a
classic pattern of degenerating communication in an unsuccessful relationship. The pattern begins with
criticism that is not directed at a certain behavior, but at the other person as a whole. In other words,
the criticism of unsuccessful couples tends to lean toward character assassination. Eventually, these
negative interactions lead to contempt, in which one partner openly disparages and disrespects the
other. The inevitable response to contempt is defensiveness, followed by stonewalling or a total lack of
communication. When couples stop communicating, the relationship is not likely to endure.
The greatest amount of variation between people of the same age is found during early adolescence. -
(CORRECT ANSWER)The onset of puberty may occur at any time over the span of five years, though it
typically occurs earlier in females than in males. The changes brought on by puberty are monumental
and can cause rapid changes in personality, physical development, and emotional maturity. Teachers
need to be aware of these changes, particularly when working with middle-school children. Family and
consumer science teachers may need to act as liaisons between parents and their children, as family
relationships can become strained during early adolescence.
When two children have a dispute and agree to settle it according to their mother's opinion, they are
engaging in arbitration. - (CORRECT ANSWER)In arbitration, two conflicting parties agree to rely on the
advice of a supposedly impartial third party. Sometimes, the parties will also establish guidelines for the
way a decision is to be reached. In parenting, it can be difficult to settle a dispute with arbitration, since
children are unlikely to honor a decision that goes against their interest. Conciliation is a method of
settling disputes in which the conflicting parties are simply asked to meet and converse, with the idea
that a resolution will naturally occur as a result of this meeting. In mediation, the conflicting parties
decide to enlist the aid of an impartial third party as they attempt to settle their differences. The parties
in mediation do not agree to follow the advice of the third party. In negotiation, two parties try to agree
on terms that are acceptable to both. Negotiation in family life is a bit like compromise. A restorative
justice system is where the person who has been wronged gets some kind of compensation from the
wrongdoer. When the parents force one sibling to apologize to the other, they are essentially using
restorative justice.
In general, when a mother works, her children have more self-esteem. - (CORRECT ANSWER)There is no
one reason for this phenomenon, although one can speculate that girls might be inspired by the positive
example of a successful working mother. The daughters of working mothers tend to be more
independent, and they are likely to have a more egalitarian view of gender relations. When the sons of
working mothers are unsupervised, their performance in school tends to decline. It is important for both
parents to have a positive attitude about maternal employment, and it is especially important for
husbands to support their wives in ways that can be perceived positively by children.
3
, During times of conflict, family members will take sides to consolidate power. - (CORRECT
ANSWER)Although this process is natural, it can become problematic if the groups last for too long or
create a permanent imbalance of power. The idea that family life is a series of actions and reactions is
an assumption of Milan systematic family therapy. This approach to family therapy emphasizes patterns
of behavior that lock family members into their roles, therefore inhibiting their personal growth.
Behavioral family therapists assume that bad behavior persists when it is reinforced. These therapists
strive to show family members how they may be inadvertently rewarding the very behavior they seek to
discourage. Object relations family therapists assume that ill will in a family is often a result of negative
projection. In other words, the members of a family may attribute their own negative characteristics to
their family members.
One drawback of inpatient treatment for alcoholism is that it is expensive. - (CORRECT
ANSWER)Inpatient programs are not often covered by health insurance, forcing the family to pay out of
pocket. The efficacy of these programs is well established, estimating 70% of participants to stay sober
for at least five years. Many of these programs include the Alcoholics Anonymous 12-step model.
Patients cannot drink while enrolled since they are on the property. The inpatient programs require the
personal commitment of the patient.
According to Piaget's model, the ability to imagine the mental lives of others emerges during the
preoperational stage. - (CORRECT ANSWER)The preoperational stage is the second of the four stages
and occurs between 2 and 7 years old. This ability is called sympathy. The first stage in the Piaget model
is sensorimotor, which lasts from birth until about age 2. During this time, the sense organs become
activated, and the child learns about object permanence. In the third stage, known as concrete
operational, the child improves his or her cognition and realizes that objects with different shapes may
have the same volume. This stage occurs between the ages of 7 and 12. In the formal operational stage,
the capacity for abstract thought is developed. When this stage occurs (and it does not for every
person), it typically occurs after age 12.
Role strain is exemplified by a new teacher who struggles to maintain authority in the classroom. -
(CORRECT ANSWER)Role strain is any hardship a person encounters while trying to fulfill the socially
accepted requirements of a role. Individuals are almost never a perfect fit for any role they attempt to
inhabit, so role strain is inevitable. A public speaker who cultivates his or her expertise is displaying role
performance, or the conscious fulfillment of a social role's characteristics. A person whose parents die
goes through the role exit process, because he or she no longer is in the role of a son or daughter. A
child who imagines what it would be like to be a police office is demonstration role taking, in which a
person imagines what it would be like to fill a certain social role. A substitute teacher who waits tables
on the weekend exemplifies the idea of the role set, or the different roles that a single person can
inhabit at a given point in his or her life.
4
AND CORRECT ANSWERS | GRADED A+ | LATEST VERSION |
VERIFIED ANSWERS
Individuation is the process through which a person comes to think of himself or herself as a distinct
person despite being a member of a family. - (CORRECT ANSWER)Children at first identify entirely with
the mores, norms, and values of their family; it is only after prolonged exposure to other people outside
the home that a child will begin to question his or her upbringing and perhaps modify his or her belief
system. A fully individualized person is able to maintain a coherent personality without renouncing
membership in a family with which he or she may have some disagreement.
Agrarian societies are more likely to live with their extended families. - (CORRECT ANSWER)An extended
family is comprised of more than one adult couple. For instance, it might include a man and a woman,
their children, and their grandchildren. Agrarian societies in which people tend the same land for their
entire lives are more conducive to the maintenance of the extended family. This is in part because it is
more difficult for a large group to move around together. In modern, industrial, urban, and nomadic
societies, it is more common for people to be grouped together in nuclear families (one adult couple
and their children)
Financial Stability is NOT necessary for a person to commit emotionally to a marriage. - (CORRECT
ANSWER)Despite money being a main issue for divorce, it is more important for partners to have good
self-esteem, empathy, a feeling of permanence in the relationship, and strong personal identities. Solid
marriages weather the inevitable hard times with a mixture of humor, empathy, and habit. The idea of
empathy is particularly important in marriage because it implies that each partner may not fully
understand the other. Nevertheless, a loving spouse with try to help whenever possible.
Having a child between the ages of 2 and 4 has little to no effect on job satisfaction. - (CORRECT
ANSWER)Research suggests that parents often feel some strain as they occupy multiple roles, but this is
offset by the enjoyment they derive from their work. Having a newborn, on the other hand, has a
noticeably damaging effect on job satisfaction. The demands of caring for a newborn, as well as the
desire to spend as much time as possible with this new child, make it unpleasant to be away from home
for any reason. Flexible scheduling, high wages, and intellectual challenge are all directly correlated with
job satisfaction.
Accepting that the marriage is over is the first step a person should take after divorce. - (CORRECT
ANSWER)Psychologists estimate that it takes most people at least two years to accept divorce entirely.
Until this is reached, the divorcee should not initiate a new relationship. The best way to complete the
process of acceptance is to establish an individual identity. This may include developing a balance
between being single and being a parent. It is appropriate to plan for the future, but people should be
1
,aware that it is impossible to predict what they will want once they have fully processed the finality of
the divorce.
Sibling rivalry is most pronounced in same-sex siblings within three years of age. - (CORRECT ANSWER)In
the first eight to ten years of life, siblings tend to alternate between cooperation and competition. As
they grow older, they will often spend little time together for a few years, but during adolescence will
gradually develop empathy for one another. Most research suggests that adult relationships between
siblings simply exaggerate the tone of the relationship of the youth; that is, good relationships get
better and bad relationships get worse.
Married women typically earn a lower wage than single women. - (CORRECT ANSWER)This is an
exception to the general trend, which is that married people are healthier, wealthier, and more content
than their single counterparts. Married men are less likely to abuse alcohol and drugs, and less likely to
become depressed. Married women are healthier and more likely to report satisfaction with their home
lives. One reason why married women may earn less money is that they are more likely to be raising
children, and therefore less focused on professional development. Despite reports about the decline of
marriage, an overwhelming majority of Americans will marry at least once during their lives.
Accepting a stepparent is hardest for adolescent girls. - (CORRECT ANSWER)The bond between a
stepparent, particularly a stepfather, and an adolescent girl takes the longest to form. One possible
reason for this phenomenon is that stepfathers tend to be less engaged with stepdaughters than with
stepsons. The effect of remarriage on children is much the same as divorce because it involves a
fundamental restructuring of the family concept. Nevertheless, stepparents who work to engage with
their stepchildren can develop positive relationships over time.
Both the content and the style of family communication are important. - (CORRECT ANSWER)The
members of a family should work on communicating positively. The decisions made by families tend to
reinforce the status quo in the interest of conformity and conflict avoidance. For reasons both genetic
and environmental, the members of families are likely to struggle with the same sorts of problems in
life. Despite a general tendency toward stability and consistency, families inevitably change in response
to the aging of each member and to pressures from the environment. Finally, it is a central tenet of
family science that it is impossible to understand a family member without understanding the family as
a whole.
According to John Gottman, humor is the best response to criticism by a spouse. - (CORRECT
ANSWER)When the criticized partner responds to criticism by deflecting or soothing the other person,
2
,tempers are quelled and the partnership remains strong. Gottman's research suggests that there is a
classic pattern of degenerating communication in an unsuccessful relationship. The pattern begins with
criticism that is not directed at a certain behavior, but at the other person as a whole. In other words,
the criticism of unsuccessful couples tends to lean toward character assassination. Eventually, these
negative interactions lead to contempt, in which one partner openly disparages and disrespects the
other. The inevitable response to contempt is defensiveness, followed by stonewalling or a total lack of
communication. When couples stop communicating, the relationship is not likely to endure.
The greatest amount of variation between people of the same age is found during early adolescence. -
(CORRECT ANSWER)The onset of puberty may occur at any time over the span of five years, though it
typically occurs earlier in females than in males. The changes brought on by puberty are monumental
and can cause rapid changes in personality, physical development, and emotional maturity. Teachers
need to be aware of these changes, particularly when working with middle-school children. Family and
consumer science teachers may need to act as liaisons between parents and their children, as family
relationships can become strained during early adolescence.
When two children have a dispute and agree to settle it according to their mother's opinion, they are
engaging in arbitration. - (CORRECT ANSWER)In arbitration, two conflicting parties agree to rely on the
advice of a supposedly impartial third party. Sometimes, the parties will also establish guidelines for the
way a decision is to be reached. In parenting, it can be difficult to settle a dispute with arbitration, since
children are unlikely to honor a decision that goes against their interest. Conciliation is a method of
settling disputes in which the conflicting parties are simply asked to meet and converse, with the idea
that a resolution will naturally occur as a result of this meeting. In mediation, the conflicting parties
decide to enlist the aid of an impartial third party as they attempt to settle their differences. The parties
in mediation do not agree to follow the advice of the third party. In negotiation, two parties try to agree
on terms that are acceptable to both. Negotiation in family life is a bit like compromise. A restorative
justice system is where the person who has been wronged gets some kind of compensation from the
wrongdoer. When the parents force one sibling to apologize to the other, they are essentially using
restorative justice.
In general, when a mother works, her children have more self-esteem. - (CORRECT ANSWER)There is no
one reason for this phenomenon, although one can speculate that girls might be inspired by the positive
example of a successful working mother. The daughters of working mothers tend to be more
independent, and they are likely to have a more egalitarian view of gender relations. When the sons of
working mothers are unsupervised, their performance in school tends to decline. It is important for both
parents to have a positive attitude about maternal employment, and it is especially important for
husbands to support their wives in ways that can be perceived positively by children.
3
, During times of conflict, family members will take sides to consolidate power. - (CORRECT
ANSWER)Although this process is natural, it can become problematic if the groups last for too long or
create a permanent imbalance of power. The idea that family life is a series of actions and reactions is
an assumption of Milan systematic family therapy. This approach to family therapy emphasizes patterns
of behavior that lock family members into their roles, therefore inhibiting their personal growth.
Behavioral family therapists assume that bad behavior persists when it is reinforced. These therapists
strive to show family members how they may be inadvertently rewarding the very behavior they seek to
discourage. Object relations family therapists assume that ill will in a family is often a result of negative
projection. In other words, the members of a family may attribute their own negative characteristics to
their family members.
One drawback of inpatient treatment for alcoholism is that it is expensive. - (CORRECT
ANSWER)Inpatient programs are not often covered by health insurance, forcing the family to pay out of
pocket. The efficacy of these programs is well established, estimating 70% of participants to stay sober
for at least five years. Many of these programs include the Alcoholics Anonymous 12-step model.
Patients cannot drink while enrolled since they are on the property. The inpatient programs require the
personal commitment of the patient.
According to Piaget's model, the ability to imagine the mental lives of others emerges during the
preoperational stage. - (CORRECT ANSWER)The preoperational stage is the second of the four stages
and occurs between 2 and 7 years old. This ability is called sympathy. The first stage in the Piaget model
is sensorimotor, which lasts from birth until about age 2. During this time, the sense organs become
activated, and the child learns about object permanence. In the third stage, known as concrete
operational, the child improves his or her cognition and realizes that objects with different shapes may
have the same volume. This stage occurs between the ages of 7 and 12. In the formal operational stage,
the capacity for abstract thought is developed. When this stage occurs (and it does not for every
person), it typically occurs after age 12.
Role strain is exemplified by a new teacher who struggles to maintain authority in the classroom. -
(CORRECT ANSWER)Role strain is any hardship a person encounters while trying to fulfill the socially
accepted requirements of a role. Individuals are almost never a perfect fit for any role they attempt to
inhabit, so role strain is inevitable. A public speaker who cultivates his or her expertise is displaying role
performance, or the conscious fulfillment of a social role's characteristics. A person whose parents die
goes through the role exit process, because he or she no longer is in the role of a son or daughter. A
child who imagines what it would be like to be a police office is demonstration role taking, in which a
person imagines what it would be like to fill a certain social role. A substitute teacher who waits tables
on the weekend exemplifies the idea of the role set, or the different roles that a single person can
inhabit at a given point in his or her life.
4
