Example: WM and Arithmetic
Give this one a try later!
(4+5) x 2
3+ (12/4)
CE - retrieves rules of computation from LTS
- retrieves facts from LTS to solve:
(4+5) = 9, x 2 = 18
PL - temp stores "18"
CE - retrieves rules and facts from LTS to solve:
(12/4)=3, 3 + 3 = 6
PL - temp store "6"
CE - retrieves rules, retrieves items from PL to compute: = 3
What are Secondary Tasks?
,Give this one a try later!
Mental Imagery Task
- hold mental image
- requires visuo-spatial sketchpad
Simple Mental Addition Task
- 25 + 4
- requires phonological loop
Working Memory and Driving - Johannsdottir & Herdman (2010)
Give this one a try later!
Simulator driving study: - series of 60 sec trials
Primary task:
-Drive and report relative locations of surrounding cars (front vs. back) at
end of each trial.
Secondary tasks: verbal vs. spatial memory
-Verbal : rhyming task
-Spatial : tap a pattern on keypad
Results Shows:
-Verbal WM (phonological loop) required for awareness of vehicles behind
-Spatial WM (visuo-spatial sketchpad) required for awareness of vehicles in
front
Serial Position Curve
Give this one a try later!
Demo: Primary/Recency effects
Coin be infant tackle airplane warm hesitate out of 15-20 words
Bacon tent tire out of 15 words
• primary = LTS
, • recency = STS
People do well at the beginning and end during the word retrieval list
PROACTIVE INTERFERENCE
Give this one a try later!
A-B interferes with A-C (B word intrudes into A-C list
Serial self-terminating
Give this one a try later!
Stopping search once you scan and find the item you're looking for (Ex. A
book at a book store)
Heenan & Herdman (2014)
Give this one a try later!
Simulator driving study with more naturalistic conversation task
Primary task:
-Drive and report relative locations of surrounding cars (front vs. back) at
end of each trial.
Secondary task: 20-questions conversation task
- the driver asks a series of 20 questions to figure out experimenter's target
word (e.g., whale)
Conclude:
- conversation utilizes WM and this lowers driver awareness of other cars
, - conversation especially utilizes phonological WM (the phonological loop)
- the P-loop is required to keep track of vehicles behind them
STS Duration
Give this one a try later!
Brown (1958) : Peterson & Peterson (1959). the Brown-Peterson task
Phase 1
Present 1 CCC (e.g., MHN)
- delay (0-15 sec) - recall
Results: 100% recall
People rehearse the CCC
Phase 2
Present 1 CCC (e.g., MHA, GRP)
- delay of 0-15s with intervening task
- count backwards by 3's)
- rate of twice per sec.
- this prevents rehearsal of CCC
- then recall CCC
Suggests: simple decay of CCC in STS if prevent rehearsal
Levels of processing - Tresselt & Mazner
Give this one a try later!
Give this one a try later!
(4+5) x 2
3+ (12/4)
CE - retrieves rules of computation from LTS
- retrieves facts from LTS to solve:
(4+5) = 9, x 2 = 18
PL - temp stores "18"
CE - retrieves rules and facts from LTS to solve:
(12/4)=3, 3 + 3 = 6
PL - temp store "6"
CE - retrieves rules, retrieves items from PL to compute: = 3
What are Secondary Tasks?
,Give this one a try later!
Mental Imagery Task
- hold mental image
- requires visuo-spatial sketchpad
Simple Mental Addition Task
- 25 + 4
- requires phonological loop
Working Memory and Driving - Johannsdottir & Herdman (2010)
Give this one a try later!
Simulator driving study: - series of 60 sec trials
Primary task:
-Drive and report relative locations of surrounding cars (front vs. back) at
end of each trial.
Secondary tasks: verbal vs. spatial memory
-Verbal : rhyming task
-Spatial : tap a pattern on keypad
Results Shows:
-Verbal WM (phonological loop) required for awareness of vehicles behind
-Spatial WM (visuo-spatial sketchpad) required for awareness of vehicles in
front
Serial Position Curve
Give this one a try later!
Demo: Primary/Recency effects
Coin be infant tackle airplane warm hesitate out of 15-20 words
Bacon tent tire out of 15 words
• primary = LTS
, • recency = STS
People do well at the beginning and end during the word retrieval list
PROACTIVE INTERFERENCE
Give this one a try later!
A-B interferes with A-C (B word intrudes into A-C list
Serial self-terminating
Give this one a try later!
Stopping search once you scan and find the item you're looking for (Ex. A
book at a book store)
Heenan & Herdman (2014)
Give this one a try later!
Simulator driving study with more naturalistic conversation task
Primary task:
-Drive and report relative locations of surrounding cars (front vs. back) at
end of each trial.
Secondary task: 20-questions conversation task
- the driver asks a series of 20 questions to figure out experimenter's target
word (e.g., whale)
Conclude:
- conversation utilizes WM and this lowers driver awareness of other cars
, - conversation especially utilizes phonological WM (the phonological loop)
- the P-loop is required to keep track of vehicles behind them
STS Duration
Give this one a try later!
Brown (1958) : Peterson & Peterson (1959). the Brown-Peterson task
Phase 1
Present 1 CCC (e.g., MHN)
- delay (0-15 sec) - recall
Results: 100% recall
People rehearse the CCC
Phase 2
Present 1 CCC (e.g., MHA, GRP)
- delay of 0-15s with intervening task
- count backwards by 3's)
- rate of twice per sec.
- this prevents rehearsal of CCC
- then recall CCC
Suggests: simple decay of CCC in STS if prevent rehearsal
Levels of processing - Tresselt & Mazner
Give this one a try later!
