APEA PATHOPHYSIOLOGY – MASTER 1 COMPLETE
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EXAM BANK 250 Actual Questions with Correct
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Answers & Detailed Rationales | Already Graded --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
A+ (UPDATED 2026/2027) ---
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SECTION 1: CELLULAR ADAPTATION & INJURY (Questions 1–
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20) ---
Question 1: A patient with chronic alcoholism develops liver
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enlargement due to fat accumulation. This type of cellular
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adaptation is called: --- --- ---
• A) Hyperplasia
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• B) Metaplasia
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• C) Hypertrophy
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• D) Fatty change (steatosis)
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,Answer: D --- ---
Rationale: Fatty change (steatosis) is the accumulation of
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triglycerides in parenchymal cells, often due to alcohol abuse,
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hypoxia, or malnutrition. It is a reversible form of cellular injury.
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Hyperplasia is an increase in cell number, metaplasia is
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replacement of one differentiated cell type with another, and
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hypertrophy is an increase in cell size .--- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
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Question 2: A smoker develops squamous metaplasia in the
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bronchial epithelium. Which statement best describes this
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change? ---
• A) Replacement of normal columnar epithelium with
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stratified squamous epithelium --- --- ---
• B) Increase in cell size
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• C) Increase in cell number
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• D) Reversible transformation to a less differentiated cell
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type ---
,Answer: A --- ---
Rationale: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one
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differentiated cell type with another. In smokers, the normal
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ciliated columnar epithelium of the bronchi is replaced by
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stratified squamous epithelium as an adaptive response to
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chronic irritation . This change is protective against further injury
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but impairs mucociliary clearance.
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Question 3: Which cellular change is considered a precursor to
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malignancy and is characterized by disordered cellular growth,
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variation in size and shape, and increased mitotic figures?
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• A) Hyperplasia
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• B) Metaplasia
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• C) Dysplasia
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• D) Anaplasia
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Answer: C --- ---
Rationale: Dysplasia is disordered cellular growth often found in
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epithelial tissues. It is characterized by loss of uniformity,
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variation in cell size and shape (pleomorphism), and increased
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, mitotic figures. Dysplasia is considered premalignant but may be
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reversible if the inciting cause is removed . Anaplasia refers to
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the cellular changes characteristic of fully malignant tumors.
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Question 4: Which of the following is NOT a result of infection
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with enterovirus?
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• A) Poliovirus
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EXAM BANK 250 Actual Questions with Correct
--- --- --- --- --- ---
Answers & Detailed Rationales | Already Graded --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
A+ (UPDATED 2026/2027) ---
---
SECTION 1: CELLULAR ADAPTATION & INJURY (Questions 1–
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
20) ---
Question 1: A patient with chronic alcoholism develops liver
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
enlargement due to fat accumulation. This type of cellular
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
adaptation is called: --- --- ---
• A) Hyperplasia
--- ---
• B) Metaplasia
--- ---
• C) Hypertrophy
--- ---
• D) Fatty change (steatosis)
--- --- --- ---
,Answer: D --- ---
Rationale: Fatty change (steatosis) is the accumulation of
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
triglycerides in parenchymal cells, often due to alcohol abuse,
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
hypoxia, or malnutrition. It is a reversible form of cellular injury.
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
Hyperplasia is an increase in cell number, metaplasia is
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
replacement of one differentiated cell type with another, and
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
hypertrophy is an increase in cell size .--- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
---
Question 2: A smoker develops squamous metaplasia in the
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
bronchial epithelium. Which statement best describes this
--- --- --- --- --- --- ---
change? ---
• A) Replacement of normal columnar epithelium with
--- --- --- --- --- --- ---
stratified squamous epithelium --- --- ---
• B) Increase in cell size
--- --- --- --- ---
• C) Increase in cell number
--- --- --- --- ---
• D) Reversible transformation to a less differentiated cell
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
type ---
,Answer: A --- ---
Rationale: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
differentiated cell type with another. In smokers, the normal
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
ciliated columnar epithelium of the bronchi is replaced by
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
stratified squamous epithelium as an adaptive response to
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
chronic irritation . This change is protective against further injury
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
but impairs mucociliary clearance.
--- --- --- ---
---
Question 3: Which cellular change is considered a precursor to
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
malignancy and is characterized by disordered cellular growth,
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
variation in size and shape, and increased mitotic figures?
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
• A) Hyperplasia
--- ---
• B) Metaplasia
--- ---
• C) Dysplasia
--- ---
• D) Anaplasia
--- ---
Answer: C --- ---
Rationale: Dysplasia is disordered cellular growth often found in
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
epithelial tissues. It is characterized by loss of uniformity,
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
variation in cell size and shape (pleomorphism), and increased
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
, mitotic figures. Dysplasia is considered premalignant but may be
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
reversible if the inciting cause is removed . Anaplasia refers to
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
the cellular changes characteristic of fully malignant tumors.
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
---
Question 4: Which of the following is NOT a result of infection
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
with enterovirus?
--- ---
• A) Poliovirus
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