BIO 315 SBU MICROBIOLOGY EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE & PRACTICE
QUESTIONS 2026/2027
microbiology - Correct answer ✔✔ study of microbes- forms of life too small to be seen with the
naked eye (bacteria, algae, fungi, protists)
RNA polymerase - Correct answer ✔✔ produces RNA molecules from DNA template
glycogen phosphorylase - Correct answer ✔✔ makes glycogen into glucose monomers
Flagellin - Correct answer ✔✔ monomers polymerize to for flagellum aid in bacterial mobility
polysaccharides & polypeptides - Correct answer ✔✔ embedded in lipid bilayer
-forms cells plasma membrane
Early Earth - Correct answer ✔✔ -little to no oxygen
-soup of chemicals in liquid form
-dating back 3.5 billion years
-formed RNA and Micelle
-RNA used to store genetic code in primitive cells
Microbes - Correct answer ✔✔ too small to be seen with naked eye
-fast, cheap, easy to grow
-small # of genes
-produce enzymes for medical use
-gentic manipulation is easier in single celled bacteria then in multicellular eukarya
,Microbial genetics - Correct answer ✔✔ iron-containing surfaces helped form envt. by sticking
molecules to their surfaces
RNA - Correct answer ✔✔ first enzyme; also used as catalyst (EX: Ribosomes- combination of
ribonucleic acid + enzymes)
2 purposes of RNA - Correct answer ✔✔ - genetic information storage
- catalysing reactions
Micelle - Correct answer ✔✔ single lipid layer
-early form of Plasma membrane
symbiotic relationship - Correct answer ✔✔ when one organism lives inside another organism
DNA and RNA - Correct answer ✔✔ DNA is more stable
We use this to study genetics: - Correct answer ✔✔ 1. Study effects of single mutations in DNA
individually
2. Study and compare genome across domains (bioinformatics)
Altering genomes of microbes can mass produce molecules humans want and need
EX: insulin is made by inserting into E-Coli cells
When and how did Eukaryotes appear - Correct answer ✔✔ -Endosymbiotic theory: primitive
prokaryote microbes ingested other microbes starting a symbiotic relationship
Ex: ingested microbes that could use oxygen for the respiratory process to produce chemical
energy became -mitochondria
, EX: ingested microbes that could fix CO2 into molecules using light energy-chloroplast
Bacteria and humans - Correct answer ✔✔ use double-stranded DNA
-2nd strand of DNA can be used as backup
-DNA is more stable than RNA
- DNA is transcribed into "working copy" via mRNA it's then translated into proteins needed by
the cell
Microbes ARE - Correct answer ✔✔ -diverse groups in nature
- many different members
-form microbe communities & Ecosystems
NOT! individual cells or populations
Microbes live in - Correct answer ✔✔ intestines, plaque on teeth, slime on rocks, mold in
bathrooms
Louis Pasteur - Correct answer ✔✔ Late 1800's
-disproved spontaneous generation theory
- when the broth came in contact with bacteria it grew bacteria they didn't just appear through
air
- life cant come from nonliving things
-Air doesn't give birth to microorganisms
Robert Koch - Correct answer ✔✔ found Bacillus anthracis & Mycobacterium cause anthrax and
tuberculosis
- helped avoid costly loss of animals
- a specific organism can cause a specific disease (Koch's postulates)
QUESTIONS 2026/2027
microbiology - Correct answer ✔✔ study of microbes- forms of life too small to be seen with the
naked eye (bacteria, algae, fungi, protists)
RNA polymerase - Correct answer ✔✔ produces RNA molecules from DNA template
glycogen phosphorylase - Correct answer ✔✔ makes glycogen into glucose monomers
Flagellin - Correct answer ✔✔ monomers polymerize to for flagellum aid in bacterial mobility
polysaccharides & polypeptides - Correct answer ✔✔ embedded in lipid bilayer
-forms cells plasma membrane
Early Earth - Correct answer ✔✔ -little to no oxygen
-soup of chemicals in liquid form
-dating back 3.5 billion years
-formed RNA and Micelle
-RNA used to store genetic code in primitive cells
Microbes - Correct answer ✔✔ too small to be seen with naked eye
-fast, cheap, easy to grow
-small # of genes
-produce enzymes for medical use
-gentic manipulation is easier in single celled bacteria then in multicellular eukarya
,Microbial genetics - Correct answer ✔✔ iron-containing surfaces helped form envt. by sticking
molecules to their surfaces
RNA - Correct answer ✔✔ first enzyme; also used as catalyst (EX: Ribosomes- combination of
ribonucleic acid + enzymes)
2 purposes of RNA - Correct answer ✔✔ - genetic information storage
- catalysing reactions
Micelle - Correct answer ✔✔ single lipid layer
-early form of Plasma membrane
symbiotic relationship - Correct answer ✔✔ when one organism lives inside another organism
DNA and RNA - Correct answer ✔✔ DNA is more stable
We use this to study genetics: - Correct answer ✔✔ 1. Study effects of single mutations in DNA
individually
2. Study and compare genome across domains (bioinformatics)
Altering genomes of microbes can mass produce molecules humans want and need
EX: insulin is made by inserting into E-Coli cells
When and how did Eukaryotes appear - Correct answer ✔✔ -Endosymbiotic theory: primitive
prokaryote microbes ingested other microbes starting a symbiotic relationship
Ex: ingested microbes that could use oxygen for the respiratory process to produce chemical
energy became -mitochondria
, EX: ingested microbes that could fix CO2 into molecules using light energy-chloroplast
Bacteria and humans - Correct answer ✔✔ use double-stranded DNA
-2nd strand of DNA can be used as backup
-DNA is more stable than RNA
- DNA is transcribed into "working copy" via mRNA it's then translated into proteins needed by
the cell
Microbes ARE - Correct answer ✔✔ -diverse groups in nature
- many different members
-form microbe communities & Ecosystems
NOT! individual cells or populations
Microbes live in - Correct answer ✔✔ intestines, plaque on teeth, slime on rocks, mold in
bathrooms
Louis Pasteur - Correct answer ✔✔ Late 1800's
-disproved spontaneous generation theory
- when the broth came in contact with bacteria it grew bacteria they didn't just appear through
air
- life cant come from nonliving things
-Air doesn't give birth to microorganisms
Robert Koch - Correct answer ✔✔ found Bacillus anthracis & Mycobacterium cause anthrax and
tuberculosis
- helped avoid costly loss of animals
- a specific organism can cause a specific disease (Koch's postulates)
