BSC 1011 UNIT 2 EXAM VERIFIED STUDY GUIDE
Reproductive life cycles in Domain Eukarya - Answers - *Asexual reproduction* involves
*mitotic cell divisions* resulting in *clones.*
Evolution via natural selection requires variation
*sexual reproduction* involving *meiosis* results in *variation*
#1 Meiotic type - Zygotic - Answers - A zygote engages in meiosis producing genetically
unique, haploid spores.
-typical in fungus (ex zygomycete)
#2 Meiotic type - Gametic - Answers - A diploid organism produces haploid *gametes*
via *meiosis.*
-typical in most animals
#3 Meiotic type - Sporic - Answers - A diploid organism produces haploid *spores* via
*meiosis.*
-typical in most plants and some fungi.
Kingdom Fungi - Answers - Decomposers
-heterotrophs (w/ extracellular digestion)
-saprobes or symbionts
-chitin-based cell wall
-thallus/mycelium
-hyphae
-septate or coenocytic
-haustoria
Saprobes - Answers - nutrients from dead organic matter
Symbionts - Answers - nutrients from living organic matter
thallus/mycelium - Answers - body of the fungal organism made of *hyphae*
septate - Answers - cell walls partition cells
coenocytic - Answers - no cell wall partitions
haustoria - Answers - specialized hyphae that release exoenzymes for extracellular
digestion
sexual reproduction in fungi - Answers - Fertilization occurs in *synogamy* with the
fusion of cytoplasm, or *plasmogamy*, from two different cells. A transition ploidy called
, *dikaryon* or *heterokaryon* or *n+n*, is when one cell has two nuclei. Eventually,
*karyogamy* fuses the nuclei, creating a zygote, allowing for meiosis to occur.
Phylum Zygomycota - Answers - -spores dispersed by air
-hyphae with few or no septa (coenocytic)
-Rhizopus = black bread mold
Phylum Ascomycota - Answers - -spores dispersed by air
-largest class
-free living and symbiotic
-septate hyphae
-ascus / spore sacs form ascocarp
Examples: Peziza
-saccharomyces / yeast
-claviceps & rye ergot
-penicillium / penicillin
-morels and truffels
-cheese, wine, and bread
Phylum Basidiomycota - Answers - -spores dispersed by air
-septate hyphae
-basidium -> basidiocarp
-Examples: mushrooms
-toadstools
-puffballs
-bracket fungi
-worlds "largest" fungi organism -> fairy rings
Phylum Deutromycota - Answers - "imperfect fungi"
-sexual reproduction not observed
-asexual conidiospores produced
-Examples: molds
-ringworm (not a worm)
-predatory fungus
mycorrhizae - Answers - mutualistic association between the roots of "most plants" and
fungi. Host plant provides food for fungus, while water and mineral uptake by plants are
enhanced by the fungal hyphae.
lichans - Answers - mutualistic association between algae or cyanobacteria and fungi.
Algae provide food while fungi provide structural positioning for growth.
- "pioneer species" because they convert rocky environments to be plant friendly.
- crutose, fruiticose, foliose
Reproductive life cycles in Domain Eukarya - Answers - *Asexual reproduction* involves
*mitotic cell divisions* resulting in *clones.*
Evolution via natural selection requires variation
*sexual reproduction* involving *meiosis* results in *variation*
#1 Meiotic type - Zygotic - Answers - A zygote engages in meiosis producing genetically
unique, haploid spores.
-typical in fungus (ex zygomycete)
#2 Meiotic type - Gametic - Answers - A diploid organism produces haploid *gametes*
via *meiosis.*
-typical in most animals
#3 Meiotic type - Sporic - Answers - A diploid organism produces haploid *spores* via
*meiosis.*
-typical in most plants and some fungi.
Kingdom Fungi - Answers - Decomposers
-heterotrophs (w/ extracellular digestion)
-saprobes or symbionts
-chitin-based cell wall
-thallus/mycelium
-hyphae
-septate or coenocytic
-haustoria
Saprobes - Answers - nutrients from dead organic matter
Symbionts - Answers - nutrients from living organic matter
thallus/mycelium - Answers - body of the fungal organism made of *hyphae*
septate - Answers - cell walls partition cells
coenocytic - Answers - no cell wall partitions
haustoria - Answers - specialized hyphae that release exoenzymes for extracellular
digestion
sexual reproduction in fungi - Answers - Fertilization occurs in *synogamy* with the
fusion of cytoplasm, or *plasmogamy*, from two different cells. A transition ploidy called
, *dikaryon* or *heterokaryon* or *n+n*, is when one cell has two nuclei. Eventually,
*karyogamy* fuses the nuclei, creating a zygote, allowing for meiosis to occur.
Phylum Zygomycota - Answers - -spores dispersed by air
-hyphae with few or no septa (coenocytic)
-Rhizopus = black bread mold
Phylum Ascomycota - Answers - -spores dispersed by air
-largest class
-free living and symbiotic
-septate hyphae
-ascus / spore sacs form ascocarp
Examples: Peziza
-saccharomyces / yeast
-claviceps & rye ergot
-penicillium / penicillin
-morels and truffels
-cheese, wine, and bread
Phylum Basidiomycota - Answers - -spores dispersed by air
-septate hyphae
-basidium -> basidiocarp
-Examples: mushrooms
-toadstools
-puffballs
-bracket fungi
-worlds "largest" fungi organism -> fairy rings
Phylum Deutromycota - Answers - "imperfect fungi"
-sexual reproduction not observed
-asexual conidiospores produced
-Examples: molds
-ringworm (not a worm)
-predatory fungus
mycorrhizae - Answers - mutualistic association between the roots of "most plants" and
fungi. Host plant provides food for fungus, while water and mineral uptake by plants are
enhanced by the fungal hyphae.
lichans - Answers - mutualistic association between algae or cyanobacteria and fungi.
Algae provide food while fungi provide structural positioning for growth.
- "pioneer species" because they convert rocky environments to be plant friendly.
- crutose, fruiticose, foliose
