NURSING PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM
COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE & COMPREHENSIVE FINAL
ACTUAL EXAM | 2026/2027 FREQUENTLY TESTED
QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED ANSWERS |
GUARANTEED PASS | GRADED A+ | LATEST UPDATE
1. Which cellular adaptation involves an increase in cell size?
A) Hyperplasia
B) Hypertrophy
C) Atrophy
D) Metaplasia
Answer: B
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size, often in muscle tissue.
2. Which type of necrosis is characteristic of tuberculosis?
A) Coagulative
B) Liquefactive
C) Caseous
D) Fat
Answer: C
Rationale: Caseous necrosis is a cheeselike appearance seen in TB.
,3. Apoptosis differs from necrosis because apoptosis:
A) Causes inflammation
B) Is programmed cell death without inflammation
C) Affects groups of cells
D) Causes cell swelling
Answer: B
Rationale: Apoptosis is orderly, energy-dependent cell death.
4. Which mediator is responsible for vasodilation in inflammation?
A) Histamine
B) Histamine
C) Thromboxane
D) Leukotriene
Answer: B
Rationale: Histamine causes vasodilation and increased permeability.
5. Which immunoglobulin is involved in allergic reactions?
A) IgA
B) IgE
C) IgM
D) IgG
Answer: B
Rationale: IgE binds mast cells and triggers histamine release.
2
,6. Which type of hypersensitivity is anaphylaxis?
A) Type I
B) Type I
C) Type II
D) Type III
Answer: B
Rationale: Type I is IgE-mediated immediate hypersensitivity.
7. Which autoimmune disease affects the joints and causes symmetric
inflammation?
A) Osteoarthritis
B) Rheumatoid arthritis
C) Gout
D) Osteoporosis
Answer: B
Rationale: RA is autoimmune with symmetric joint involvement.
8. Which organism causes opportunistic infections in AIDS?
A) Streptococcus
B) Pneumocystis jirovecii
C) Staphylococcus
3
, D) E. coli
Answer: B
Rationale: PJP occurs when CD4 <200.
9. Which electrolyte imbalance causes peaked T waves?
A) Hypokalemia
B) Hyperkalemia
C) Hypocalcemia
D) Hypernatremia
Answer: B
Rationale: Hyperkalemia causes peaked T waves on ECG.
10. Which acid-base imbalance occurs with vomiting?
A) Metabolic acidosis
B) Metabolic alkalosis
C) Respiratory acidosis
D) Respiratory alkalosis
Answer: B
Rationale: Vomiting loses H+ and Cl-, causing metabolic alkalosis.
11. Which condition is characterized by increased pulmonary blood flow?
A) Tetralogy of Fallot
4
COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE & COMPREHENSIVE FINAL
ACTUAL EXAM | 2026/2027 FREQUENTLY TESTED
QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED ANSWERS |
GUARANTEED PASS | GRADED A+ | LATEST UPDATE
1. Which cellular adaptation involves an increase in cell size?
A) Hyperplasia
B) Hypertrophy
C) Atrophy
D) Metaplasia
Answer: B
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size, often in muscle tissue.
2. Which type of necrosis is characteristic of tuberculosis?
A) Coagulative
B) Liquefactive
C) Caseous
D) Fat
Answer: C
Rationale: Caseous necrosis is a cheeselike appearance seen in TB.
,3. Apoptosis differs from necrosis because apoptosis:
A) Causes inflammation
B) Is programmed cell death without inflammation
C) Affects groups of cells
D) Causes cell swelling
Answer: B
Rationale: Apoptosis is orderly, energy-dependent cell death.
4. Which mediator is responsible for vasodilation in inflammation?
A) Histamine
B) Histamine
C) Thromboxane
D) Leukotriene
Answer: B
Rationale: Histamine causes vasodilation and increased permeability.
5. Which immunoglobulin is involved in allergic reactions?
A) IgA
B) IgE
C) IgM
D) IgG
Answer: B
Rationale: IgE binds mast cells and triggers histamine release.
2
,6. Which type of hypersensitivity is anaphylaxis?
A) Type I
B) Type I
C) Type II
D) Type III
Answer: B
Rationale: Type I is IgE-mediated immediate hypersensitivity.
7. Which autoimmune disease affects the joints and causes symmetric
inflammation?
A) Osteoarthritis
B) Rheumatoid arthritis
C) Gout
D) Osteoporosis
Answer: B
Rationale: RA is autoimmune with symmetric joint involvement.
8. Which organism causes opportunistic infections in AIDS?
A) Streptococcus
B) Pneumocystis jirovecii
C) Staphylococcus
3
, D) E. coli
Answer: B
Rationale: PJP occurs when CD4 <200.
9. Which electrolyte imbalance causes peaked T waves?
A) Hypokalemia
B) Hyperkalemia
C) Hypocalcemia
D) Hypernatremia
Answer: B
Rationale: Hyperkalemia causes peaked T waves on ECG.
10. Which acid-base imbalance occurs with vomiting?
A) Metabolic acidosis
B) Metabolic alkalosis
C) Respiratory acidosis
D) Respiratory alkalosis
Answer: B
Rationale: Vomiting loses H+ and Cl-, causing metabolic alkalosis.
11. Which condition is characterized by increased pulmonary blood flow?
A) Tetralogy of Fallot
4
