NURSING PATHOPHYSIOLOGY — EXAM 4
COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE 300 QUESTIONS WITH
VERIFIED ANSWERS & DETAILED RATIONALES|
LATEST UPDATE| 2026/2027| BRAND NEW!!
1. A client has a potassium level of 6.8 mEq/L. Which ECG finding is
expected?
A) Prominent U waves
B) Peaked T waves
C) Prolonged QT interval
D) ST depression
Answer: B
Rationale: Hyperkalemia causes peaked T waves, then widened QRS, and
eventually sine wave.
2. Which condition causes metabolic acidosis with an elevated anion gap?
A) Diarrhea
B) Diabetic ketoacidosis
C) Vomiting
D) Respiratory alkalosis
Answer: B
Rationale: DKA produces ketones, causing high anion gap metabolic acidosis.
,3. A client with CKD has a hemoglobin of 8.0 g/dL. Which cause is most
likely?
A) Iron deficiency
B) Decreased erythropoietin production
C) B12 deficiency
D) Hemolysis
Answer: B
Rationale: Kidneys produce erythropoietin; CKD leads to anemia of chronic
disease.
4. Which finding is most consistent with nephrotic syndrome?
A) Hematuria and hypertension
B) Massive proteinuria and edema
C) Oliguria and azotemia
D) Pyuria and dysuria
Answer: B
Rationale: Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by proteinuria >3.5 g/day,
hypoalbuminemia, and edema.
5. Which condition causes cola-colored urine?
A) Nephrotic syndrome
2
,B) Acute glomerulonephritis
C) UTI
D) Renal calculi
Answer: B
Rationale: Glomerulonephritis causes hematuria, giving urine a cola or tea color.
6. Which type of kidney stone is radiopaque on X-ray?
A) Uric acid
B) Calcium oxalate
C) Cystine
D) Struvite
Answer: B
Rationale: Calcium oxalate stones are radiopaque; uric acid stones are
radiolucent.
7. A client with AKI has a urine output of 200 mL/24 hours. Which phase is
this?
A) Prerenal
B) Oliguric phase
C) Diuretic phase
D) Recovery phase
Answer: B
Rationale: Oliguric phase of AKI is <400 mL/24 hours.
3
, 8. Which condition is a prerenal cause of AKI?
A) Acute tubular necrosis
B) Hypovolemia
C) Glomerulonephritis
D) Nephrotoxic drugs
Answer: B
Rationale: Prerenal AKI is due to decreased perfusion (hypovolemia, heart failure).
9. Which medication is nephrotoxic?
A) Acetaminophen
B) Gentamicin
C) Amoxicillin
D) Lisinopril
Answer: B
Rationale: Aminoglycosides (gentamicin) are nephrotoxic.
10. A client on dialysis has an AV fistula. Which finding indicates patency?
A) Absence of bruit
B) Palpable thrill and audible bruit
C) Cool extremity
D) Edema of the hand
4
COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE 300 QUESTIONS WITH
VERIFIED ANSWERS & DETAILED RATIONALES|
LATEST UPDATE| 2026/2027| BRAND NEW!!
1. A client has a potassium level of 6.8 mEq/L. Which ECG finding is
expected?
A) Prominent U waves
B) Peaked T waves
C) Prolonged QT interval
D) ST depression
Answer: B
Rationale: Hyperkalemia causes peaked T waves, then widened QRS, and
eventually sine wave.
2. Which condition causes metabolic acidosis with an elevated anion gap?
A) Diarrhea
B) Diabetic ketoacidosis
C) Vomiting
D) Respiratory alkalosis
Answer: B
Rationale: DKA produces ketones, causing high anion gap metabolic acidosis.
,3. A client with CKD has a hemoglobin of 8.0 g/dL. Which cause is most
likely?
A) Iron deficiency
B) Decreased erythropoietin production
C) B12 deficiency
D) Hemolysis
Answer: B
Rationale: Kidneys produce erythropoietin; CKD leads to anemia of chronic
disease.
4. Which finding is most consistent with nephrotic syndrome?
A) Hematuria and hypertension
B) Massive proteinuria and edema
C) Oliguria and azotemia
D) Pyuria and dysuria
Answer: B
Rationale: Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by proteinuria >3.5 g/day,
hypoalbuminemia, and edema.
5. Which condition causes cola-colored urine?
A) Nephrotic syndrome
2
,B) Acute glomerulonephritis
C) UTI
D) Renal calculi
Answer: B
Rationale: Glomerulonephritis causes hematuria, giving urine a cola or tea color.
6. Which type of kidney stone is radiopaque on X-ray?
A) Uric acid
B) Calcium oxalate
C) Cystine
D) Struvite
Answer: B
Rationale: Calcium oxalate stones are radiopaque; uric acid stones are
radiolucent.
7. A client with AKI has a urine output of 200 mL/24 hours. Which phase is
this?
A) Prerenal
B) Oliguric phase
C) Diuretic phase
D) Recovery phase
Answer: B
Rationale: Oliguric phase of AKI is <400 mL/24 hours.
3
, 8. Which condition is a prerenal cause of AKI?
A) Acute tubular necrosis
B) Hypovolemia
C) Glomerulonephritis
D) Nephrotoxic drugs
Answer: B
Rationale: Prerenal AKI is due to decreased perfusion (hypovolemia, heart failure).
9. Which medication is nephrotoxic?
A) Acetaminophen
B) Gentamicin
C) Amoxicillin
D) Lisinopril
Answer: B
Rationale: Aminoglycosides (gentamicin) are nephrotoxic.
10. A client on dialysis has an AV fistula. Which finding indicates patency?
A) Absence of bruit
B) Palpable thrill and audible bruit
C) Cool extremity
D) Edema of the hand
4
