BIOL251 / BIOL 251 Module 7 Exam | Human Anatomy & Physiology I w/ Lab | Portage Learning | Q & A |
2026/2027 (PDF)
SECTION 1: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS) – STRUCTURE &
DIVISIONS (Questions 1–20)
1. What are the two major divisions of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)? - A) Central and
peripheral - B) Sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) - C) Sympathetic and parasympathetic - D)
Somatic and autonomic
Answer B: ) Sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent)
Rationale: The PNS is structurally divided into the sensory (afferent) division, which carries signals toward
the CNS, and the motor (efferent) division, which carries signals away from the CNS to effectors.
2. Which division of the PNS is further subdivided into the somatic nervous system and the
autonomic nervous system? - A) Sensory (afferent) division - B) Motor (efferent) division - C) Central
nervous system - D) Enteric nervous system
Answer B: ) Motor (efferent) division
Rationale: The motor (efferent) division of the PNS is subdivided into the somatic nervous system
(voluntary skeletal muscle control) and the autonomic nervous system (involuntary functions).
3. Which functional division of the nervous system carries sensory information toward the CNS? - A)
Efferent division - B) Motor division - C) Afferent division - D) Somatic division
Answer C: ) Afferent division
Rationale: The afferent (sensory) division carries signals from receptors toward the CNS. Efferent carries
motor commands away from the CNS.
4. The nervous system is divided anatomically into which two main parts? - A) Somatic and
autonomic - B) Central and peripheral - C) Sympathetic and parasympathetic - D) Afferent and
efferent
Answer B: ) Central and peripheral
,Rationale: Anatomically, the nervous system divides into the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)
and peripheral nervous system (cranial and spinal nerves).
5. Which division of the nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord? - A) Peripheral nervous
system - B) Somatic nervous system - C) Central nervous system - D) Autonomic nervous system
Answer C: ) Central nervous system
Rationale: The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord, serving as the integration
and command center.
6. The peripheral nervous system consists of: - A) Brain and spinal cord only - B) Cranial nerves and
spinal nerves - C) Cerebrum and cerebellum - D) Gray matter and white matter
Answer B: ) Cranial nerves and spinal nerves
Rationale: The PNS includes all neural tissue outside the CNS: cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and their
associated ganglia.
7. Which of the following is NOT a function of the nervous system? - A) Sensory input - B) Integration
of information - C) Hormone production - D) Motor output
Answer C: ) Hormone production
Rationale: Hormone production is primarily a function of the endocrine system. The nervous system's main
functions are sensory input, integration, and motor output. --- ## SECTION 2: NEURONS & NEUROGLIA
(Questions 8–20)
8. Schwann cells are found in the: - A) Brain only - B) Spinal cord only - C) Peripheral nervous system
- D) Central nervous system
Answer C: ) Peripheral nervous system
Rationale: Schwann cells are the myelinating cells of the PNS, wrapping around single axons to form the
neurilemma.
9. The gaps between adjacent Schwann cells along an axon are called: - A) Synaptic clefts - B) Nodes of
Ranvier - C) Axon terminals - D) Dendritic spines
Answer B: ) Nodes of Ranvier
, Rationale: Nodes of Ranvier are unmyelinated gaps between Schwann cells (or oligodendrocyte segments)
where ion exchange occurs during saltatory conduction.
10. Neuroglia (glial cells) that line the brain ventricles and spinal cord central canal and help
produce cerebrospinal fluid are called: - A) Astrocytes - B) Oligodendrocytes - C) Ependymal cells - D)
Microglia
Answer C: ) Ependymal cells
Rationale: Ependymal cells line the brain ventricles and spinal cord central canal; they help produce and
circulate CSF.
11. Which type of neuroglia is responsible for forming the myelin sheath in the CNS? - A) Schwann
cells - B) Oligodendrocytes - C) Astrocytes - D) Microglia
Answer B: ) Oligodendrocytes
Rationale: Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells of the CNS, wrapping around multiple axons to form
myelin sheaths.
12. What is the function of astrocytes in the nervous system? - A) Form myelin in the PNS - B) Support
neurons, maintain the blood-brain barrier, and regulate the extracellular environment - C) Produce
cerebrospinal fluid - D) Phagocytose debris and pathogens
Answer B: ) Support neurons, maintain the blood-brain barrier, and regulate the extracellular
environment
Rationale: Astrocytes provide structural support, maintain the blood-brain barrier, and regulate the
extracellular environment.
13. What is the primary function of microglia in the nervous system? - A) Form myelin - B) Produce
CSF - C) Provide structural support - D) Phagocytose pathogens and cellular debris
Answer D: ) Phagocytose pathogens and cellular debris
Rationale: Microglia are the immune cells of the CNS, performing phagocytosis to remove pathogens and
debris.
2026/2027 (PDF)
SECTION 1: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS) – STRUCTURE &
DIVISIONS (Questions 1–20)
1. What are the two major divisions of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)? - A) Central and
peripheral - B) Sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) - C) Sympathetic and parasympathetic - D)
Somatic and autonomic
Answer B: ) Sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent)
Rationale: The PNS is structurally divided into the sensory (afferent) division, which carries signals toward
the CNS, and the motor (efferent) division, which carries signals away from the CNS to effectors.
2. Which division of the PNS is further subdivided into the somatic nervous system and the
autonomic nervous system? - A) Sensory (afferent) division - B) Motor (efferent) division - C) Central
nervous system - D) Enteric nervous system
Answer B: ) Motor (efferent) division
Rationale: The motor (efferent) division of the PNS is subdivided into the somatic nervous system
(voluntary skeletal muscle control) and the autonomic nervous system (involuntary functions).
3. Which functional division of the nervous system carries sensory information toward the CNS? - A)
Efferent division - B) Motor division - C) Afferent division - D) Somatic division
Answer C: ) Afferent division
Rationale: The afferent (sensory) division carries signals from receptors toward the CNS. Efferent carries
motor commands away from the CNS.
4. The nervous system is divided anatomically into which two main parts? - A) Somatic and
autonomic - B) Central and peripheral - C) Sympathetic and parasympathetic - D) Afferent and
efferent
Answer B: ) Central and peripheral
,Rationale: Anatomically, the nervous system divides into the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)
and peripheral nervous system (cranial and spinal nerves).
5. Which division of the nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord? - A) Peripheral nervous
system - B) Somatic nervous system - C) Central nervous system - D) Autonomic nervous system
Answer C: ) Central nervous system
Rationale: The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord, serving as the integration
and command center.
6. The peripheral nervous system consists of: - A) Brain and spinal cord only - B) Cranial nerves and
spinal nerves - C) Cerebrum and cerebellum - D) Gray matter and white matter
Answer B: ) Cranial nerves and spinal nerves
Rationale: The PNS includes all neural tissue outside the CNS: cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and their
associated ganglia.
7. Which of the following is NOT a function of the nervous system? - A) Sensory input - B) Integration
of information - C) Hormone production - D) Motor output
Answer C: ) Hormone production
Rationale: Hormone production is primarily a function of the endocrine system. The nervous system's main
functions are sensory input, integration, and motor output. --- ## SECTION 2: NEURONS & NEUROGLIA
(Questions 8–20)
8. Schwann cells are found in the: - A) Brain only - B) Spinal cord only - C) Peripheral nervous system
- D) Central nervous system
Answer C: ) Peripheral nervous system
Rationale: Schwann cells are the myelinating cells of the PNS, wrapping around single axons to form the
neurilemma.
9. The gaps between adjacent Schwann cells along an axon are called: - A) Synaptic clefts - B) Nodes of
Ranvier - C) Axon terminals - D) Dendritic spines
Answer B: ) Nodes of Ranvier
, Rationale: Nodes of Ranvier are unmyelinated gaps between Schwann cells (or oligodendrocyte segments)
where ion exchange occurs during saltatory conduction.
10. Neuroglia (glial cells) that line the brain ventricles and spinal cord central canal and help
produce cerebrospinal fluid are called: - A) Astrocytes - B) Oligodendrocytes - C) Ependymal cells - D)
Microglia
Answer C: ) Ependymal cells
Rationale: Ependymal cells line the brain ventricles and spinal cord central canal; they help produce and
circulate CSF.
11. Which type of neuroglia is responsible for forming the myelin sheath in the CNS? - A) Schwann
cells - B) Oligodendrocytes - C) Astrocytes - D) Microglia
Answer B: ) Oligodendrocytes
Rationale: Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells of the CNS, wrapping around multiple axons to form
myelin sheaths.
12. What is the function of astrocytes in the nervous system? - A) Form myelin in the PNS - B) Support
neurons, maintain the blood-brain barrier, and regulate the extracellular environment - C) Produce
cerebrospinal fluid - D) Phagocytose debris and pathogens
Answer B: ) Support neurons, maintain the blood-brain barrier, and regulate the extracellular
environment
Rationale: Astrocytes provide structural support, maintain the blood-brain barrier, and regulate the
extracellular environment.
13. What is the primary function of microglia in the nervous system? - A) Form myelin - B) Produce
CSF - C) Provide structural support - D) Phagocytose pathogens and cellular debris
Answer D: ) Phagocytose pathogens and cellular debris
Rationale: Microglia are the immune cells of the CNS, performing phagocytosis to remove pathogens and
debris.
