NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 2 Questions and Verified Answers 2026/27
Graded A+
What are the functions of the kidneys? - Regulation of blood pressure; regulating blood
osmolarity; removal of toxins; blood filtration; activate vitamin D
What are the clinical manifestations of benign prostatic hypertrophy? - dribbling;
difficulty initiating urine stream; hesitancy; urinary retention, decreased stream
What substance controls the reabsorption of water from the collecting ducts? - ADH- Anti
Diuretic Hormone
What is type 2 diabetes characterized as? - peripheral tissue insulin resistance
What are the clinical manifestations of Graves' disease? - Exophthalmos (bulging eyes),
goiter, enlarge thyroid, heat intolerance, anxiety- hyperthyroidism
What processes occur during fasting? - glucogenesis; glycogenesis
What type of tissue is accessed to promote energy production in type 1 diabetes? -
adipose/ fat
What are the clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism? - myxedema, fatigue, cold
sensitivity, constipation, weight gain
,What are the clinical manifestations of hyperthyroidism? - Goiter, fatigue, weight loss,
infertility, memory loss, hair loss, muscle pain
What are the clinical manifestation of hyper para thyroidism? - fatigue, body aches, bone
pain, depression, headaches, memory loss
What are the clinical manifestations of hypo para thyroidism? - numbness, tetany,
parathesis, muscle spasms
What are the clinical manifestations of ketoacidosis? - fruity breath, drowsiness, nausea,
thirst, confusion, lethargy, vomiting
What mechanisms control hormone release and regulation? - negative feedback loop
What hormones are released by the anterior pituitary gland? - Growth Hormone, prolactin,
follicle stimulating hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, LH, ACTH and endorphins
What is diabetes insipidus? - a disorder caused by inadequate amounts of ADH which
causes excessive water loss
clinical manifestations of diabetes insipidus - polyuria, nocturia, continuous thirst, and
polydipsia
, clinical manifestations of Cushings syndrome? - Excessive secretion of cortisol causes
redistribution of fat, "moon face", "buffalo" hump on the back and pendulous abdomen. -
Facial skin is flushed (high blood pressure), skin covering abdomen develops stretch marks - •
ndividual bruises easily and wound healing is poor -
Approximately 1/2 develop mental status changes from irritability to severe psychiatric
disturbance -
Females may experience changes due to increased androgen levels
clinical manifestations of secondary hypothyroidism - Weakness. -
Fatigue. -
Cold intolerance. -
Constipation. -
Weight gain. -
Depression. -
Joint or muscle pain. -
Brittle fingernails.
clinical manifestations of primary hypothyroidism - fatigue. -
lethargy. -
sensitivity to cold. -
Graded A+
What are the functions of the kidneys? - Regulation of blood pressure; regulating blood
osmolarity; removal of toxins; blood filtration; activate vitamin D
What are the clinical manifestations of benign prostatic hypertrophy? - dribbling;
difficulty initiating urine stream; hesitancy; urinary retention, decreased stream
What substance controls the reabsorption of water from the collecting ducts? - ADH- Anti
Diuretic Hormone
What is type 2 diabetes characterized as? - peripheral tissue insulin resistance
What are the clinical manifestations of Graves' disease? - Exophthalmos (bulging eyes),
goiter, enlarge thyroid, heat intolerance, anxiety- hyperthyroidism
What processes occur during fasting? - glucogenesis; glycogenesis
What type of tissue is accessed to promote energy production in type 1 diabetes? -
adipose/ fat
What are the clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism? - myxedema, fatigue, cold
sensitivity, constipation, weight gain
,What are the clinical manifestations of hyperthyroidism? - Goiter, fatigue, weight loss,
infertility, memory loss, hair loss, muscle pain
What are the clinical manifestation of hyper para thyroidism? - fatigue, body aches, bone
pain, depression, headaches, memory loss
What are the clinical manifestations of hypo para thyroidism? - numbness, tetany,
parathesis, muscle spasms
What are the clinical manifestations of ketoacidosis? - fruity breath, drowsiness, nausea,
thirst, confusion, lethargy, vomiting
What mechanisms control hormone release and regulation? - negative feedback loop
What hormones are released by the anterior pituitary gland? - Growth Hormone, prolactin,
follicle stimulating hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, LH, ACTH and endorphins
What is diabetes insipidus? - a disorder caused by inadequate amounts of ADH which
causes excessive water loss
clinical manifestations of diabetes insipidus - polyuria, nocturia, continuous thirst, and
polydipsia
, clinical manifestations of Cushings syndrome? - Excessive secretion of cortisol causes
redistribution of fat, "moon face", "buffalo" hump on the back and pendulous abdomen. -
Facial skin is flushed (high blood pressure), skin covering abdomen develops stretch marks - •
ndividual bruises easily and wound healing is poor -
Approximately 1/2 develop mental status changes from irritability to severe psychiatric
disturbance -
Females may experience changes due to increased androgen levels
clinical manifestations of secondary hypothyroidism - Weakness. -
Fatigue. -
Cold intolerance. -
Constipation. -
Weight gain. -
Depression. -
Joint or muscle pain. -
Brittle fingernails.
clinical manifestations of primary hypothyroidism - fatigue. -
lethargy. -
sensitivity to cold. -
