Bio 102 Exam 1
Chapter 1:
Why study bio?
An understanding is necessary to help humanity
An understanding in necessary to help the environment
Natural Science vs Pseudoscience
Natural science is peer reviewed, subjective, multiple measurements, repeatability,
proving and rejecting ideas, data
Pseudoscience is fake science like social media
Anecdotal Evidence is from personal observation and experience
Scientific Evidence is derived from systematic observation and experimentation
Science as a Process
Observational studies are without intervention while experimental studies have
intervention
Conduct a randomize clinical trial
Experimental group is tested on while control group is a baseline
Sample size is the number of things being tested
Dependent variable is the thing changing and independent variable is the thing being
changed
Epidemiology is finding patterns
Questions can’t be tested through controlled experiments
Correlation is a consistent relationship between two variables
More repetition the better
Chapter 13:
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
Infectious bacterium
Difficult to treat with antibiotics
Killed 10,000 people in the United States in 2012
Staphylococcus aureus (known as staph)
o Some strains are harmless, whereas other cause disease
o Drug resistant strains exist
o Approx 33% of the US population has S. aureus
o Approx 2% of the US population has MRSA strains of S. aureus
, o Most individuals are disease free
MRSA transfers from person to person by direct or indirect contact
Athletes have increased risk of skin infections because of contact with skin, items, or
surfaces that harbor MRSA
MRSA has developed resistance to most antibiotic drugs
MRSA adversely affects people with weakened immune systems
Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic- a nucleus (an organelle that contains DNA), many organelles, cell membrane,
no cell wall
Prokaryotic- DNA floating freely in the cytoplasm, no organelles, Cell wall made of
peptidoglycan, very high peptidoglycan in gram positive bacteria
Prokaryotic cell types- Gram-positive- high amount of peptidoglycan in cell wall retains
the gram strain; Gram-negative- lipid outer layer of cell wall does not retain gram stain
and prevents penicillin from reaching peptidoglycan underneath
Antibiotics
Antibiotics interfere with the function of essential bacterial cell structures
Beta-lactams work by interfering with bacterium’s ability to synthesize cell walls
Bacterial Reproduction and Mutation
Binary fission is one parental cell divides into two daughter cells
Binary fission occurs quickly but each time it causes some changes to DNA
Antibiotic Resistance
Random mutations can create new alleles that cause some bacteria to be resistant to
antibiotics
Gene transfer can spread alleles for antibiotic resistance to other bacteria
How Populations Evolve
A population is a group of organisms of same species living together in the same
geographic area
An entire population can change when some traits are favored over others
Genetically diverse population
Varying allele frequency
The environment favors some alleles over others
Allele frequency changes over time
Evolution- change is allele frequency over time
Chapter 1:
Why study bio?
An understanding is necessary to help humanity
An understanding in necessary to help the environment
Natural Science vs Pseudoscience
Natural science is peer reviewed, subjective, multiple measurements, repeatability,
proving and rejecting ideas, data
Pseudoscience is fake science like social media
Anecdotal Evidence is from personal observation and experience
Scientific Evidence is derived from systematic observation and experimentation
Science as a Process
Observational studies are without intervention while experimental studies have
intervention
Conduct a randomize clinical trial
Experimental group is tested on while control group is a baseline
Sample size is the number of things being tested
Dependent variable is the thing changing and independent variable is the thing being
changed
Epidemiology is finding patterns
Questions can’t be tested through controlled experiments
Correlation is a consistent relationship between two variables
More repetition the better
Chapter 13:
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
Infectious bacterium
Difficult to treat with antibiotics
Killed 10,000 people in the United States in 2012
Staphylococcus aureus (known as staph)
o Some strains are harmless, whereas other cause disease
o Drug resistant strains exist
o Approx 33% of the US population has S. aureus
o Approx 2% of the US population has MRSA strains of S. aureus
, o Most individuals are disease free
MRSA transfers from person to person by direct or indirect contact
Athletes have increased risk of skin infections because of contact with skin, items, or
surfaces that harbor MRSA
MRSA has developed resistance to most antibiotic drugs
MRSA adversely affects people with weakened immune systems
Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic- a nucleus (an organelle that contains DNA), many organelles, cell membrane,
no cell wall
Prokaryotic- DNA floating freely in the cytoplasm, no organelles, Cell wall made of
peptidoglycan, very high peptidoglycan in gram positive bacteria
Prokaryotic cell types- Gram-positive- high amount of peptidoglycan in cell wall retains
the gram strain; Gram-negative- lipid outer layer of cell wall does not retain gram stain
and prevents penicillin from reaching peptidoglycan underneath
Antibiotics
Antibiotics interfere with the function of essential bacterial cell structures
Beta-lactams work by interfering with bacterium’s ability to synthesize cell walls
Bacterial Reproduction and Mutation
Binary fission is one parental cell divides into two daughter cells
Binary fission occurs quickly but each time it causes some changes to DNA
Antibiotic Resistance
Random mutations can create new alleles that cause some bacteria to be resistant to
antibiotics
Gene transfer can spread alleles for antibiotic resistance to other bacteria
How Populations Evolve
A population is a group of organisms of same species living together in the same
geographic area
An entire population can change when some traits are favored over others
Genetically diverse population
Varying allele frequency
The environment favors some alleles over others
Allele frequency changes over time
Evolution- change is allele frequency over time
