Introduction to the Healthcare System Exam Questions and Answers 100% Correct
Graded A+ 2026/27
What is positive law? - Positive law is a set of rules promulgated and enforced by
government.
Who defined positive law as 'the command of the sovereign'? - The nineteenth-century
English legal theorist John Austin.
What backs positive law? - The coercive power of the state.
What is natural law? - Natural law is law that is presumed to flow from man's 'natural'
condition.
What does natural law relate to? - Natural law relates to the social condition existing prior
to the emergence of government.
Who defined natural law as 'right reason in agreement with nature'? - Cicero
How did Thomas Aquinas define natural law in Summa Theologica? - As the
'participation in the Eternal Law by rational creatures.'
Who was the seventeenth-century Dutch jurist that defined natural law as rules of human conduct
discoverable by reason? - Hugo Grotius
,What is civil disobedience? - The act of intentionally disobeying a law to challenge its
legitimacy based on a belief in a higher moral standard.
What does belief in a higher law allow individuals to do? - It permits individuals to
evaluate the operations and policies of the legal system and argue for legal change.
Under what circumstances may belief in a higher law justify violating positive law? - In
extreme circumstances, as long as the violator is willing to accept the consequences of
disobedience.
Who is Henry David Thoreau? - Henry David Thoreau is a nineteenth-century American
writer.
What is Henry David Thoreau best known for? - Henry David Thoreau is best known for
his advocacy of civil disobedience.
What does Thoreau argue about the relationship between conscience and law? - Thoreau
argued that the conscience of the individual is superior to the law of the state.
What right does Thoreau believe individuals have regarding unjust laws? - Thoreau
believes individuals have the right, and duty, to violate the law when it contravenes conscience.
What does the legitimacy of law depend on in a democratic society? - The legitimacy of
law depends greatly on how the law is made.
,Who makes laws in a representative democracy? - Elected representatives serving in a
legislature.
What is required to enact a law in a legislature? - A majority is required to enact a law.
How are legislators elected? - Through free and fair elections in which all adult citizens
have the right to participate.
Who has the right to introduce legislation in a legislature? - All members of the
legislature.
What type of democracy does the United States rely on? - Representative democracy
What is the United States government system classified as? - Constitutional republic
What is the role of majority rule in the U.S. government? - It is tempered by protections
afforded to minority rights by law.
Who holds lawmaking power in the United States? - Legislators, executive officials,
regulatory agencies, and courts of law.
, What are the two types of legitimacy in law? - Substantive legitimacy and procedural
legitimacy.
What does substantive legitimacy refer to? - The content of law and whether it is based on
fair, just, and reasonable principles.
What does procedural legitimacy refer to? - How the law is enacted, applied, and enforced
according to fair, just, and reasonable procedures.
What is the fundamental law that sets forth the structure and powers of government in the
American legal system? - Constitution
What is a law enacted by a legislature that is generally applicable within its jurisdiction? -
Statute
What is a law enacted by a local governing body such as a city council or county commission? -
Ordinance
What is an order issued by an executive official relating to matters over which they have
authority? - Executive order
What is a legally binding agreement between countries? - Treaty
What is a rule promulgated by a regulatory agency? - Regulation
Graded A+ 2026/27
What is positive law? - Positive law is a set of rules promulgated and enforced by
government.
Who defined positive law as 'the command of the sovereign'? - The nineteenth-century
English legal theorist John Austin.
What backs positive law? - The coercive power of the state.
What is natural law? - Natural law is law that is presumed to flow from man's 'natural'
condition.
What does natural law relate to? - Natural law relates to the social condition existing prior
to the emergence of government.
Who defined natural law as 'right reason in agreement with nature'? - Cicero
How did Thomas Aquinas define natural law in Summa Theologica? - As the
'participation in the Eternal Law by rational creatures.'
Who was the seventeenth-century Dutch jurist that defined natural law as rules of human conduct
discoverable by reason? - Hugo Grotius
,What is civil disobedience? - The act of intentionally disobeying a law to challenge its
legitimacy based on a belief in a higher moral standard.
What does belief in a higher law allow individuals to do? - It permits individuals to
evaluate the operations and policies of the legal system and argue for legal change.
Under what circumstances may belief in a higher law justify violating positive law? - In
extreme circumstances, as long as the violator is willing to accept the consequences of
disobedience.
Who is Henry David Thoreau? - Henry David Thoreau is a nineteenth-century American
writer.
What is Henry David Thoreau best known for? - Henry David Thoreau is best known for
his advocacy of civil disobedience.
What does Thoreau argue about the relationship between conscience and law? - Thoreau
argued that the conscience of the individual is superior to the law of the state.
What right does Thoreau believe individuals have regarding unjust laws? - Thoreau
believes individuals have the right, and duty, to violate the law when it contravenes conscience.
What does the legitimacy of law depend on in a democratic society? - The legitimacy of
law depends greatly on how the law is made.
,Who makes laws in a representative democracy? - Elected representatives serving in a
legislature.
What is required to enact a law in a legislature? - A majority is required to enact a law.
How are legislators elected? - Through free and fair elections in which all adult citizens
have the right to participate.
Who has the right to introduce legislation in a legislature? - All members of the
legislature.
What type of democracy does the United States rely on? - Representative democracy
What is the United States government system classified as? - Constitutional republic
What is the role of majority rule in the U.S. government? - It is tempered by protections
afforded to minority rights by law.
Who holds lawmaking power in the United States? - Legislators, executive officials,
regulatory agencies, and courts of law.
, What are the two types of legitimacy in law? - Substantive legitimacy and procedural
legitimacy.
What does substantive legitimacy refer to? - The content of law and whether it is based on
fair, just, and reasonable principles.
What does procedural legitimacy refer to? - How the law is enacted, applied, and enforced
according to fair, just, and reasonable procedures.
What is the fundamental law that sets forth the structure and powers of government in the
American legal system? - Constitution
What is a law enacted by a legislature that is generally applicable within its jurisdiction? -
Statute
What is a law enacted by a local governing body such as a city council or county commission? -
Ordinance
What is an order issued by an executive official relating to matters over which they have
authority? - Executive order
What is a legally binding agreement between countries? - Treaty
What is a rule promulgated by a regulatory agency? - Regulation
