ADVANCED PHYSIOLOGY AND
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM EXAM
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS |
100% CORRECT | GRADE A - GCU
1. Which cellular organelle is responsible for the synthesis of phospholipids and the
detoxification of various compounds such as alcohol and drugs?
A. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
B. Golgi apparatus
C. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
D. Lysosomes
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) is involved in lipid
synthesis, steroid hormone production, and detoxification of drugs and toxins, whereas the
rough ER is primarily involved in protein synthesis.
2. During cellular injury, what is the primary cause of hydropic swelling?
A. Failure of the Na+/K+ ATPase pump
B. Accumulation of lipids in the cytoplasm
C. Increased protein synthesis
,D. Inactivation of lysosomal enzymes
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Failure of the sodium-potassium pump leads to an accumulation
of intracellular sodium, which creates an osmotic gradient that pulls water into the cell,
resulting in swelling.
3. Which type of necrosis is most commonly associated with hypoxic injury in the brain?
A. Coagulative necrosis
B. Caseous necrosis
C. Fat necrosis
D. Liquefactive necrosis
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Liquefactive necrosis occurs in the brain because of the high
concentration of hydrolytic enzymes and lipids, resulting in the tissue turning into a liquid
mass.
4. A patient with a 45,X karyotype is most likely to present with which clinical condition?
A. Down Syndrome
B. Turner Syndrome
C. Klinefelter Syndrome
D. Edwards Syndrome
, Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Turner syndrome is characterized by a 45,X karyotype
(monosomy X), leading to clinical features like short stature and webbed neck.
5. Which process involves the silencing of genes through the addition of methyl groups to
DNA cytosine bases?
A. Translation
B. Histone Acetylation
C. DNA Methylation
D. Alternative Splicing
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: DNA methylation is an epigenetic mechanism that typically acts
to repress gene transcription.
6. In the context of acid-base balance, how does the body compensate for metabolic acidosis?
A. Decreased renal excretion of hydrogen ions
B. Hypoventilation to increase PaCO2
C. Hyperventilation to decrease PaCO2
D. Increased renal reabsorption of chloride
Answer: C
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM EXAM
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS |
100% CORRECT | GRADE A - GCU
1. Which cellular organelle is responsible for the synthesis of phospholipids and the
detoxification of various compounds such as alcohol and drugs?
A. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
B. Golgi apparatus
C. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
D. Lysosomes
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) is involved in lipid
synthesis, steroid hormone production, and detoxification of drugs and toxins, whereas the
rough ER is primarily involved in protein synthesis.
2. During cellular injury, what is the primary cause of hydropic swelling?
A. Failure of the Na+/K+ ATPase pump
B. Accumulation of lipids in the cytoplasm
C. Increased protein synthesis
,D. Inactivation of lysosomal enzymes
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Failure of the sodium-potassium pump leads to an accumulation
of intracellular sodium, which creates an osmotic gradient that pulls water into the cell,
resulting in swelling.
3. Which type of necrosis is most commonly associated with hypoxic injury in the brain?
A. Coagulative necrosis
B. Caseous necrosis
C. Fat necrosis
D. Liquefactive necrosis
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Liquefactive necrosis occurs in the brain because of the high
concentration of hydrolytic enzymes and lipids, resulting in the tissue turning into a liquid
mass.
4. A patient with a 45,X karyotype is most likely to present with which clinical condition?
A. Down Syndrome
B. Turner Syndrome
C. Klinefelter Syndrome
D. Edwards Syndrome
, Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Turner syndrome is characterized by a 45,X karyotype
(monosomy X), leading to clinical features like short stature and webbed neck.
5. Which process involves the silencing of genes through the addition of methyl groups to
DNA cytosine bases?
A. Translation
B. Histone Acetylation
C. DNA Methylation
D. Alternative Splicing
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: DNA methylation is an epigenetic mechanism that typically acts
to repress gene transcription.
6. In the context of acid-base balance, how does the body compensate for metabolic acidosis?
A. Decreased renal excretion of hydrogen ions
B. Hypoventilation to increase PaCO2
C. Hyperventilation to decrease PaCO2
D. Increased renal reabsorption of chloride
Answer: C
