"100 Original Medical Physiology
Practice Questions with Answers and
Rationales Covering Cell, Nerve, Muscle,
Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Renal,
Gastrointestinal, Endocrine, Central
Nervous System, Reproductive, and
Integrated Physiology for Guyton and
Hall 14th Edition Exam Preparation
Comprehensive Study Resource for
Students Review"
Cell & Membrane Physiology (1–10)
1. What is the primary determinant of
the resting membrane potential?
☑VERIFIED ANSWERS: K⁺ permeability.
,Rationale: At rest, the cell membrane is
most permeable to K⁺, so the resting
membrane potential lies near the K⁺
equilibrium potential.
2. What does the Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase pump
do?
☑VERIFIED ANSWERS: Pumps 3 Na⁺ out
and 2 K⁺ in per ATP.
Rationale: This maintains ionic gradients
and is electrogenic because it moves
more positive charge out than in.
3. What is osmosis?
☑VERIFIED ANSWERS: Movement of
water across a semipermeable
membrane from low solute
,concentration to high solute
concentration.
Rationale: Water moves to equalize
solute concentrations.
4. What is facilitated diffusion?
☑VERIFIED ANSWERS: Carrier-mediated
passive transport down a concentration
gradient.
Rationale: It does not require ATP and
cannot move substances against their
gradient.
5. What is secondary active transport?
☑VERIFIED ANSWERS: Transport that
uses the energy stored in an ion
gradient, usually Na⁺.
, Rationale: Example: Na⁺-glucose
cotransport in the intestinal epithelium.
6. What are gap junctions?
☑VERIFIED ANSWERS: Channels that
allow ions and small molecules to pass
directly between cells.
Rationale: They provide electrical
coupling, as in cardiac and smooth
muscle.
7. What is apoptosis?
☑VERIFIED ANSWERS: Programmed cell
death.
Rationale: It is energy-dependent, does
not cause inflammation, and is
Practice Questions with Answers and
Rationales Covering Cell, Nerve, Muscle,
Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Renal,
Gastrointestinal, Endocrine, Central
Nervous System, Reproductive, and
Integrated Physiology for Guyton and
Hall 14th Edition Exam Preparation
Comprehensive Study Resource for
Students Review"
Cell & Membrane Physiology (1–10)
1. What is the primary determinant of
the resting membrane potential?
☑VERIFIED ANSWERS: K⁺ permeability.
,Rationale: At rest, the cell membrane is
most permeable to K⁺, so the resting
membrane potential lies near the K⁺
equilibrium potential.
2. What does the Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase pump
do?
☑VERIFIED ANSWERS: Pumps 3 Na⁺ out
and 2 K⁺ in per ATP.
Rationale: This maintains ionic gradients
and is electrogenic because it moves
more positive charge out than in.
3. What is osmosis?
☑VERIFIED ANSWERS: Movement of
water across a semipermeable
membrane from low solute
,concentration to high solute
concentration.
Rationale: Water moves to equalize
solute concentrations.
4. What is facilitated diffusion?
☑VERIFIED ANSWERS: Carrier-mediated
passive transport down a concentration
gradient.
Rationale: It does not require ATP and
cannot move substances against their
gradient.
5. What is secondary active transport?
☑VERIFIED ANSWERS: Transport that
uses the energy stored in an ion
gradient, usually Na⁺.
, Rationale: Example: Na⁺-glucose
cotransport in the intestinal epithelium.
6. What are gap junctions?
☑VERIFIED ANSWERS: Channels that
allow ions and small molecules to pass
directly between cells.
Rationale: They provide electrical
coupling, as in cardiac and smooth
muscle.
7. What is apoptosis?
☑VERIFIED ANSWERS: Programmed cell
death.
Rationale: It is energy-dependent, does
not cause inflammation, and is
