, B
!
The questions are in bold followed by answers.
B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
1. In Table 1, identify the level of measurement for the current therapy variable. Provide
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
B!a rationale for your answer.
B! B! B! B!
Answer: The current therapy variable was measured at the nominal level. These drug catego
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
rieswere probably developed to be exhaustive for this study and included the categories of dr
B
! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
ugs thesubjects were receiving. However, the categories are not exclusive, since patients are
B! B
! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
usually on more than one category of these drugs to manage their health problems. The cur
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
rent therapies are not measured at the ordinal level because they cannot be rank ordered, since
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
no drug category can be considered more or less beneficial than another drug category (see
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
Figure 1-1; Grove & Gray, 2019).
B! B! B! B! B!
2. What is the mode for the current therapy variable in this study? Provide a ration
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
ale foryour answer.
B! B
! B!
Answer: The mode for current therapy was β blocker. A total of 100 (94%) of the cardiac patients
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
were receiving this category of drug, which was the most common prescribed drug
B ! B ! B ! B ! B ! B ! B ! B ! B ! B ! B ! B ! B
! for thissample.
B ! B
!
3. What statistics were conducted to describe the BMI of the cardiac patients in this sam
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
ple?Discuss whether these analysis techniques were appropriate or inappropriate.
B
! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
Answer: BMI was described with a mean and standard deviation (SD). BMI measurement res
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
ulted in ratio- B! B!
level data with continuous values and an absolute zero (Stone & Frazier, 2017). Ratio-
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
B!level data should be analyzed with parametric statistics such as the mean and SD (Grove &
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
Gray,2017; Knapp, 2017). B
! B! B!
4. Researchers used the following item to measure registered nurses’ (RNs) income in a stu
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
dy:What category identifies your current income as an RN?
B
! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
a. Less than $50,000
B ! B! B!
b. $50,000 to 59,999
B ! B! B!
c. $60,000 to 69,999
B ! B! B!
d. $70,000 to 80,000
B ! B! B!
e. $80,000 or greater
B ! B! B!
What level of measurement is this income variable? Does the income variable follow
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
the rules outlined in Figure 1-1? Provide a rationale for your answer.
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
Answer: In this example, the income variable is measured at the ordinal level. The income cat
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
ego-
ries are exhaustive, ranging from less than $50,000 to greater than $80,000. The two open-
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
ended
AG 1-1 B!
,AG 1-2
B! AnswerB ! GuidelinesB ! forB ! QuestionsB ! toB ! BeB ! Graded
categories ensure that all salary levels are covered. The categories are not exclusive, since categ
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
o-
ries (d) and (e) include an $80,000 salary, so study participants making $80,000 might mar
B
! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
k either (d) or (e) or both categories, resulting in erroneous data. Category (e) could be
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
changedto greater than $80,000, making the categories exclusive. The categories can be ran
B
! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
k ordered from the lowest salary to the highest salary, which is consistent with ordinal data
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B
(Grove & Gray, 2019; Waltz et al., 2017).
! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
5. What level of measurement is the CDS score? Provide a rationale for your answer.
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
Answer: The CDS score is at the interval level of measurement. The CDS is a 26-
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
item Likert scale developed to measure depression in cardiac patients. Study participants rat
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
ed their symp-
B! B!
toms on a scale of 1 to 7, with higher numbers indicating increased severity in the depress
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
ion symptoms. The total scores for each subject obtained from this multi-
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
item scale are considered to be at the interval level of measurement (Gray et al., 2017; Waltz
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
et al., 2017).
B! B! B!
6. Were nonparametric or parametric analysis techniques used to analyze the CDS scores f
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
orthe cardiac patients in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.
B
! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
Answer: Parametric statistics, such as mean and SD, were conducted to describe CDS
B! B! B! B! B ! B ! B ! B ! B ! B ! B ! B ! B
!scoresfor study participants (see Table 1). CDS scores are interval-
B
! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
level data as indicated in Questions 5, so parametric statistics are appropriate for this level of da
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
ta (Gray et al., 2017; Kim & Mallory, 2017).
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
7. Is the prevalence of depression linked to the NYHA class? Discuss the clinical importa
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
nce of this result.
B! B! B!
Answer: The study narrative indicated that the prevalence of depression increased with the
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
greater NYHA class. In NYHA class III, 64% of the subjects were depressed, whereas 11% of t
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
hesubjects were depressed in NYHA class I. Thus, as the NYHA class increased, the number of
B
! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
sub-
B!
jects with depression increased. This is an expected finding because as the NYHA class increas
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
es, cardiac patients have more severe physical symptoms, which usually result in emotional dist
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
ress, such as depression. Nurses need to actively assess cardiac patients for depression, espe
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
cially thosein higher NYHA classes, so they might be diagnosed and treated as needed.
B! B
! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
8. What frequency and percent of cardiac patients in this study were not being treated w
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
ith an antidepressant? Show your calculations and round your answer to the nearest
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
whole percent (%). B! B!
Answer: A total of 106 cardiac patients participated in this study. The sample incl
B! B! B!B! B!B! B!B! B!B! B!B! B!B! B!B! B!B! B!B! B!B! B!B!
uded 15 patients who were receiving an antidepressant (see Table 1). The number of car
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!B! B!B! B!B!
diac patients not treated for depression was 91 (106 –
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
B!15 = 91). The group percent is calculatedby the following formula: (group frequen
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B
! B ! B ! B ! B ! B !
cy ÷ total sample size) × 100%. For this study,(91 patients ÷ 106 sample size) ×
B ! B! B ! B ! B ! B! B ! B ! B ! B
! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
100% = 0.858 × 100% = 85.8% = 86%. The finalanswer is rounded to the nearest
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!B! B
! B! B! B! B! B! B!
whole percent as directed in the question. You could havealso subtracted the 14% of
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B
! B! B! B! B! B!
patients treated with antidepressants from 100% and obtained the 86% who were not treate
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
d with an antidepressant.
B! B! B!
9. What was the purpose of the 6-
B! B! B! B! B! B!
minute walk test (6MWT)? Would the 6MWT be useful in clinical practice?
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
Answer: Ha et al. (2018) stated, “The 6- B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
min walk test (6MWT) is a measure of the submaximal,steady-
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B
!
state functional capacity” of cardiac patients. This test would be a quick, easy way to deter
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
mine a cardiac patient’s functional status in a clinical setting. This functional statusscore
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!B! B!B! B!B! B!B! B
!
B!could be used to determine the treatment plan to promote or maintain functional stat
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
usof cardiac patients.
B
! B! B!
, AnswerB ! GuidelinesB ! forB ! QuestionsB ! toB ! BeB ! Graded AGB!1-3
10. How was exercise confidence measured in this study? What was the level of measurem
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
entfor the exercise confidence variable in this study? Provide a rationale for your ans
B
! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
wer. Answer: Exercise confidence of the patients with heart failure (HF) in this study was
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
measuredwith the Exercise Confidence Scale that included four subscales focused on walkin
B
! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
g, climbing, lifting objects of graded weight, and running (see the study narrative). This
B! B
! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
was a rating scalewith values ranging from 0 to 100. The patients’ scores for the Total Exer
B! B! B! B
! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
cise Confidence scaleand the subscales were considered interval-
B! B! B
! B! B! B! B! B!
level data and analyzed with parametric statistics,such as means and SDs (see the study na
B! B! B! B! B! B! B
! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
rrative; Waltz et al., 2017).
B! B! B! B!
!
The questions are in bold followed by answers.
B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
1. In Table 1, identify the level of measurement for the current therapy variable. Provide
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
B!a rationale for your answer.
B! B! B! B!
Answer: The current therapy variable was measured at the nominal level. These drug catego
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
rieswere probably developed to be exhaustive for this study and included the categories of dr
B
! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
ugs thesubjects were receiving. However, the categories are not exclusive, since patients are
B! B
! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
usually on more than one category of these drugs to manage their health problems. The cur
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
rent therapies are not measured at the ordinal level because they cannot be rank ordered, since
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
no drug category can be considered more or less beneficial than another drug category (see
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
Figure 1-1; Grove & Gray, 2019).
B! B! B! B! B!
2. What is the mode for the current therapy variable in this study? Provide a ration
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
ale foryour answer.
B! B
! B!
Answer: The mode for current therapy was β blocker. A total of 100 (94%) of the cardiac patients
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
were receiving this category of drug, which was the most common prescribed drug
B ! B ! B ! B ! B ! B ! B ! B ! B ! B ! B ! B ! B
! for thissample.
B ! B
!
3. What statistics were conducted to describe the BMI of the cardiac patients in this sam
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
ple?Discuss whether these analysis techniques were appropriate or inappropriate.
B
! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
Answer: BMI was described with a mean and standard deviation (SD). BMI measurement res
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
ulted in ratio- B! B!
level data with continuous values and an absolute zero (Stone & Frazier, 2017). Ratio-
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
B!level data should be analyzed with parametric statistics such as the mean and SD (Grove &
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
Gray,2017; Knapp, 2017). B
! B! B!
4. Researchers used the following item to measure registered nurses’ (RNs) income in a stu
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
dy:What category identifies your current income as an RN?
B
! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
a. Less than $50,000
B ! B! B!
b. $50,000 to 59,999
B ! B! B!
c. $60,000 to 69,999
B ! B! B!
d. $70,000 to 80,000
B ! B! B!
e. $80,000 or greater
B ! B! B!
What level of measurement is this income variable? Does the income variable follow
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
the rules outlined in Figure 1-1? Provide a rationale for your answer.
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
Answer: In this example, the income variable is measured at the ordinal level. The income cat
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
ego-
ries are exhaustive, ranging from less than $50,000 to greater than $80,000. The two open-
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
ended
AG 1-1 B!
,AG 1-2
B! AnswerB ! GuidelinesB ! forB ! QuestionsB ! toB ! BeB ! Graded
categories ensure that all salary levels are covered. The categories are not exclusive, since categ
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
o-
ries (d) and (e) include an $80,000 salary, so study participants making $80,000 might mar
B
! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
k either (d) or (e) or both categories, resulting in erroneous data. Category (e) could be
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
changedto greater than $80,000, making the categories exclusive. The categories can be ran
B
! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
k ordered from the lowest salary to the highest salary, which is consistent with ordinal data
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B
(Grove & Gray, 2019; Waltz et al., 2017).
! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
5. What level of measurement is the CDS score? Provide a rationale for your answer.
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
Answer: The CDS score is at the interval level of measurement. The CDS is a 26-
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
item Likert scale developed to measure depression in cardiac patients. Study participants rat
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
ed their symp-
B! B!
toms on a scale of 1 to 7, with higher numbers indicating increased severity in the depress
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
ion symptoms. The total scores for each subject obtained from this multi-
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
item scale are considered to be at the interval level of measurement (Gray et al., 2017; Waltz
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
et al., 2017).
B! B! B!
6. Were nonparametric or parametric analysis techniques used to analyze the CDS scores f
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
orthe cardiac patients in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.
B
! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
Answer: Parametric statistics, such as mean and SD, were conducted to describe CDS
B! B! B! B! B ! B ! B ! B ! B ! B ! B ! B ! B
!scoresfor study participants (see Table 1). CDS scores are interval-
B
! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
level data as indicated in Questions 5, so parametric statistics are appropriate for this level of da
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
ta (Gray et al., 2017; Kim & Mallory, 2017).
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
7. Is the prevalence of depression linked to the NYHA class? Discuss the clinical importa
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
nce of this result.
B! B! B!
Answer: The study narrative indicated that the prevalence of depression increased with the
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
greater NYHA class. In NYHA class III, 64% of the subjects were depressed, whereas 11% of t
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
hesubjects were depressed in NYHA class I. Thus, as the NYHA class increased, the number of
B
! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
sub-
B!
jects with depression increased. This is an expected finding because as the NYHA class increas
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
es, cardiac patients have more severe physical symptoms, which usually result in emotional dist
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
ress, such as depression. Nurses need to actively assess cardiac patients for depression, espe
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
cially thosein higher NYHA classes, so they might be diagnosed and treated as needed.
B! B
! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
8. What frequency and percent of cardiac patients in this study were not being treated w
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
ith an antidepressant? Show your calculations and round your answer to the nearest
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
whole percent (%). B! B!
Answer: A total of 106 cardiac patients participated in this study. The sample incl
B! B! B!B! B!B! B!B! B!B! B!B! B!B! B!B! B!B! B!B! B!B! B!B!
uded 15 patients who were receiving an antidepressant (see Table 1). The number of car
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!B! B!B! B!B!
diac patients not treated for depression was 91 (106 –
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
B!15 = 91). The group percent is calculatedby the following formula: (group frequen
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B
! B ! B ! B ! B ! B !
cy ÷ total sample size) × 100%. For this study,(91 patients ÷ 106 sample size) ×
B ! B! B ! B ! B ! B! B ! B ! B ! B
! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
100% = 0.858 × 100% = 85.8% = 86%. The finalanswer is rounded to the nearest
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!B! B
! B! B! B! B! B! B!
whole percent as directed in the question. You could havealso subtracted the 14% of
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B
! B! B! B! B! B!
patients treated with antidepressants from 100% and obtained the 86% who were not treate
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
d with an antidepressant.
B! B! B!
9. What was the purpose of the 6-
B! B! B! B! B! B!
minute walk test (6MWT)? Would the 6MWT be useful in clinical practice?
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
Answer: Ha et al. (2018) stated, “The 6- B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
min walk test (6MWT) is a measure of the submaximal,steady-
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B
!
state functional capacity” of cardiac patients. This test would be a quick, easy way to deter
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
mine a cardiac patient’s functional status in a clinical setting. This functional statusscore
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!B! B!B! B!B! B!B! B
!
B!could be used to determine the treatment plan to promote or maintain functional stat
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
usof cardiac patients.
B
! B! B!
, AnswerB ! GuidelinesB ! forB ! QuestionsB ! toB ! BeB ! Graded AGB!1-3
10. How was exercise confidence measured in this study? What was the level of measurem
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
entfor the exercise confidence variable in this study? Provide a rationale for your ans
B
! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
wer. Answer: Exercise confidence of the patients with heart failure (HF) in this study was
B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
measuredwith the Exercise Confidence Scale that included four subscales focused on walkin
B
! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
g, climbing, lifting objects of graded weight, and running (see the study narrative). This
B! B
! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
was a rating scalewith values ranging from 0 to 100. The patients’ scores for the Total Exer
B! B! B! B
! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
cise Confidence scaleand the subscales were considered interval-
B! B! B
! B! B! B! B! B!
level data and analyzed with parametric statistics,such as means and SDs (see the study na
B! B! B! B! B! B! B
! B! B! B! B! B! B! B! B!
rrative; Waltz et al., 2017).
B! B! B! B!
