BIO 115 FINAL EXAM REVIEW
Lecture 1: Biology and Learning
1. Process of Learning
2. Types of Memory
Sensory STM LTM
Storage Temporary storage Brief storage of info Permanent storage for
from 5 senses being used currently info not being used at
that moment
Capacity high 7 +/- 2 memories Unlimited
Duration Less than 1 seconds Less than 20 seconds Permanent as long as
for vision and a few LTP is present
seconds for hearing
Type Declarative Attention while in Repetition of info,
knowledge lecture practice
3. Long Term Potentiation
a. Encoding and reencoding of information
b. Facilitates learning
c. Temporal (repetition) and Spatial (connections between diff things)
Summation
d. Is a cyclical process → if you do not recall it, you will lose it (synapse
loses connection)
,4. Brain
a. Embryonic development (Neuronal Development): brain develops and
grows before birth
b. Neural Plasticity: Brain is changed after birth (part of ED)
c. Use it or lose it
i. Activity dependent (lots of activity → more connections etc)
5. Themes of Biology
6. Biological Organization (BECPOOTCOMA)
Biosphere All things below are included Example: Earth
Nonliving and living
Ecosystem All communities in a certain area Ex: Savannah
Living and nonliving
Community All diff populations included Ex: lions and zebras
Only living organisms
Population Group of the same organism Ex: pride of lions
Organism One individual in a given population Ex: A single lion
Organ = makes up an organism (made out of Ex:
Organ/Organ tissues) Organ = heart
Organ System = group of organs that work Organ system =
System
together for a specific function digestive system
, Tissue Made out of cells that work together for a Ex: muscle tissue
function
Cells Basic unit of life Ex: Blood cell
Cells contain organelles
Organelles Made out of molecules Ex: Mitochondria
Located in cells - each has its own function
Molecules Made out of atoms Ex: H20, O2, H2
In all matter
Atoms Smallest unit of chemical elements Ex: CHON
Lecture 2: Scientific Process/Chemistry
1. Scientific Method
2. Elements of Nucleus
Name Charge Location Role in Atom
Proton (+) Nucleus Identity + mass
Electrons (--) Orbiting nucleus Reactions
Neutrons Neutral Nucleus mass
, 3. Chemical Bonding
Farther away orbital → more PE (farther away from nucleus)
Nonpolar Covalent Polar Covalent Ionic Bond VDW (HB)
Atoms/mol b/w atoms b/w atoms b/w atoms b/w molecules
Sharing? Equal sharing b/w Unequal Stealing or Interactions
e- sharing b/w e- transferring of b/w molecules
(partial +/-) e-
Strength Strongest Strong Weak Weakest
EN Same <2 >2 N/A
Example CH4 H2O NaCl H2O --- H2O
Cation: loses e-
to become (+)
Anion: gains e-
to become (-)
4. Emergent Properties of Water
Hydrogen Bonding - Bond pairing water molecules together
- Leads to 4 other properties
Cohesive Behavior - Cohesion: ability for H2O molecules to stick to each
other (HB)
- Surface Tension → spider
- Adhesion: H2O molecules adhering to surfaces
- Allows water to travel up from stem
Moderate - High specific heat (hard to change its state)
Temperature - Very hard to change properties of H2O
- Stable environment: allows H2O to not overheat → imp
for aquatic life
- HB hard to break (multiple of them)
- Resist change in temp
Expansion Upon - Structure of H2O changes as it gets colder
Freezing - HB becomes rigid → air pockets form (traps air) → less
dense than liquid
- Ice floats → forms on surface → protects fish
Lecture 1: Biology and Learning
1. Process of Learning
2. Types of Memory
Sensory STM LTM
Storage Temporary storage Brief storage of info Permanent storage for
from 5 senses being used currently info not being used at
that moment
Capacity high 7 +/- 2 memories Unlimited
Duration Less than 1 seconds Less than 20 seconds Permanent as long as
for vision and a few LTP is present
seconds for hearing
Type Declarative Attention while in Repetition of info,
knowledge lecture practice
3. Long Term Potentiation
a. Encoding and reencoding of information
b. Facilitates learning
c. Temporal (repetition) and Spatial (connections between diff things)
Summation
d. Is a cyclical process → if you do not recall it, you will lose it (synapse
loses connection)
,4. Brain
a. Embryonic development (Neuronal Development): brain develops and
grows before birth
b. Neural Plasticity: Brain is changed after birth (part of ED)
c. Use it or lose it
i. Activity dependent (lots of activity → more connections etc)
5. Themes of Biology
6. Biological Organization (BECPOOTCOMA)
Biosphere All things below are included Example: Earth
Nonliving and living
Ecosystem All communities in a certain area Ex: Savannah
Living and nonliving
Community All diff populations included Ex: lions and zebras
Only living organisms
Population Group of the same organism Ex: pride of lions
Organism One individual in a given population Ex: A single lion
Organ = makes up an organism (made out of Ex:
Organ/Organ tissues) Organ = heart
Organ System = group of organs that work Organ system =
System
together for a specific function digestive system
, Tissue Made out of cells that work together for a Ex: muscle tissue
function
Cells Basic unit of life Ex: Blood cell
Cells contain organelles
Organelles Made out of molecules Ex: Mitochondria
Located in cells - each has its own function
Molecules Made out of atoms Ex: H20, O2, H2
In all matter
Atoms Smallest unit of chemical elements Ex: CHON
Lecture 2: Scientific Process/Chemistry
1. Scientific Method
2. Elements of Nucleus
Name Charge Location Role in Atom
Proton (+) Nucleus Identity + mass
Electrons (--) Orbiting nucleus Reactions
Neutrons Neutral Nucleus mass
, 3. Chemical Bonding
Farther away orbital → more PE (farther away from nucleus)
Nonpolar Covalent Polar Covalent Ionic Bond VDW (HB)
Atoms/mol b/w atoms b/w atoms b/w atoms b/w molecules
Sharing? Equal sharing b/w Unequal Stealing or Interactions
e- sharing b/w e- transferring of b/w molecules
(partial +/-) e-
Strength Strongest Strong Weak Weakest
EN Same <2 >2 N/A
Example CH4 H2O NaCl H2O --- H2O
Cation: loses e-
to become (+)
Anion: gains e-
to become (-)
4. Emergent Properties of Water
Hydrogen Bonding - Bond pairing water molecules together
- Leads to 4 other properties
Cohesive Behavior - Cohesion: ability for H2O molecules to stick to each
other (HB)
- Surface Tension → spider
- Adhesion: H2O molecules adhering to surfaces
- Allows water to travel up from stem
Moderate - High specific heat (hard to change its state)
Temperature - Very hard to change properties of H2O
- Stable environment: allows H2O to not overheat → imp
for aquatic life
- HB hard to break (multiple of them)
- Resist change in temp
Expansion Upon - Structure of H2O changes as it gets colder
Freezing - HB becomes rigid → air pockets form (traps air) → less
dense than liquid
- Ice floats → forms on surface → protects fish
