Advanced Physiology and Pathophysiology
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Questions & Study Guide 2026-2027 | 100%
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A certain disease is currently found in 1 of every 10 people in the country and 1,000 people
contract the disease yearly. The population of the country is 4,500,000. Which of the
following statements is correct?
A) The prevalence of the disease is 10% and the incidence is 0.02%
B) The prevalence of the disease is 0.02% and the incidence is 10%
C) Neither is correct
D) There is insufficient data
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Prevalence is the number of existing cases (both new and old) divided by the
total population. 1 of every 10 people means 10% prevalence. Incidence is the number of
new cases per population per time period. 1,000 new cases per year in a population of
4,500,000 equals 1,000/4,500,000 = 0.000222, or approximately 0.02%. Therefore,
prevalence is 10% and incidence is 0.02%.
In relation to disease development, the term "etiology" refers to which of the following?
A) Number of people with the disease
B) Cause of the disease
C) Definition of the disease
D) Outcome of the disease
Correct Answer: B
,Rationale: Etiology refers to the causative factors in a particular disease. The number of
people with the disease relates to prevalence. Definition and outcome are different
concepts.
Which of the following is(are) true about "symptoms"?
A) Objective and measurable
B) The same as "signs"
C) Both of the above
D) Neither of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Symptoms are subjective—what the patient reports. Signs are objective and
measurable. Symptoms are not the same as signs. Therefore, neither option A nor B is
correct.
In 1992, there were 980 deaths in a Midwestern city with a population of 1,000,000. At the
beginning of that year, 900 cases of AIDS existed in this population. During the year, 250
new cases of AIDS were diagnosed, and 75 people died of the disease in 1992.
Using the data given above, what was the incidence rate (per 100,000 population) at the
end of 1992 for AIDS?
A) 6
B) 25
C) 88
D) 116
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Incidence rate is the number of new cases divided by the population at risk,
multiplied by 100,000. 250 new cases / 1,000,000 population × 100,000 = 25 per 100,000.
The 900 existing cases and 75 deaths are not used for incidence rate calculation.
,What level of prevention is a blood pressure screening program for high school students
who are pregnant?
A) Primary
B) Secondary
C) Tertiary
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Secondary prevention focuses on early identification of individuals
experiencing illness, providing treatment, and preventing worsening health status. Blood
pressure screening is early detection. Primary prevention prevents illness from ever
occurring. Tertiary prevention prevents long-term consequences of chronic illness.
Mr. Forbes complains of "indigestion" and becomes sweaty and pale. His wife takes him to
the Emergency Department at Northwestern Memorial Hospital. A cardiac catheterization
2 days later shows partial blockage of his right coronary artery (RCA).
Blockage of the right coronary artery can lead to myocardial cell injury because it results in
which of the following?
A) Bilirubin accumulation in myocardial cells
B) Alteration in the genetic material of myocardial cells
C) Reduced energy production in myocardial cells
D) Activation of the complement system
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Blockage of the RCA reduces blood flow (ischemia) to myocardial cells,
resulting in decreased oxygen delivery and reduced ATP production via oxidative
phosphorylation. Bilirubin accumulation, genetic alteration, and complement activation
are not the primary mechanisms of ischemic cell injury.
When myocardial cells are injured, the function of the Na-K membrane pump may be
impaired. Which of the following may then result?
A) Intracellular sodium will increase
, B) Extracellular potassium will decrease
C) Cell volume will decrease
D) All of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The Na-K pump normally moves sodium out of the cell and potassium into the
cell. When impaired, sodium accumulates intracellularly, and potassium leaks out of the
cell into the extracellular space. Cell volume increases (not decreases) due to sodium and
water retention.
Mr. Forbes is being prepared for open heart surgery when he suffers a myocardial infarction
in which a large part of his left ventricle has suffered lethal cell injury.
Mr. Forbes' CPK-MB and LDH1, enzymes associated with myocardial cells, are significantly
elevated. What is the best explanation for this?
A) It is a sign that necrotic myocardial cells have released their cytoplasmic contents into
the blood
B) It is a sign of reversible fatty accumulation in the myocardial cells
C) It is a sign that the myocardial cells are undergoing hypertrophy
D) None of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: When myocardial cells undergo necrosis, their cell membranes rupture, and
cytoplasmic contents including enzymes like CPK-MB and LDH1 are released into the
bloodstream. This is a marker of irreversible cell death, not reversible fatty accumulation or
hypertrophy.
If a tissue specimen of myocardial cells were obtained for examination from Mr. Forbes,
which of the following findings would indicate irreversible cell injury?
A) Cellular swelling
B) Decreased ATP production
C) Decreased intracellular calcium
Test Bank (2nd Edition) | All Chapters Exam
Questions & Study Guide 2026-2027 | 100%
Guaranteed Pass
A certain disease is currently found in 1 of every 10 people in the country and 1,000 people
contract the disease yearly. The population of the country is 4,500,000. Which of the
following statements is correct?
A) The prevalence of the disease is 10% and the incidence is 0.02%
B) The prevalence of the disease is 0.02% and the incidence is 10%
C) Neither is correct
D) There is insufficient data
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Prevalence is the number of existing cases (both new and old) divided by the
total population. 1 of every 10 people means 10% prevalence. Incidence is the number of
new cases per population per time period. 1,000 new cases per year in a population of
4,500,000 equals 1,000/4,500,000 = 0.000222, or approximately 0.02%. Therefore,
prevalence is 10% and incidence is 0.02%.
In relation to disease development, the term "etiology" refers to which of the following?
A) Number of people with the disease
B) Cause of the disease
C) Definition of the disease
D) Outcome of the disease
Correct Answer: B
,Rationale: Etiology refers to the causative factors in a particular disease. The number of
people with the disease relates to prevalence. Definition and outcome are different
concepts.
Which of the following is(are) true about "symptoms"?
A) Objective and measurable
B) The same as "signs"
C) Both of the above
D) Neither of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Symptoms are subjective—what the patient reports. Signs are objective and
measurable. Symptoms are not the same as signs. Therefore, neither option A nor B is
correct.
In 1992, there were 980 deaths in a Midwestern city with a population of 1,000,000. At the
beginning of that year, 900 cases of AIDS existed in this population. During the year, 250
new cases of AIDS were diagnosed, and 75 people died of the disease in 1992.
Using the data given above, what was the incidence rate (per 100,000 population) at the
end of 1992 for AIDS?
A) 6
B) 25
C) 88
D) 116
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Incidence rate is the number of new cases divided by the population at risk,
multiplied by 100,000. 250 new cases / 1,000,000 population × 100,000 = 25 per 100,000.
The 900 existing cases and 75 deaths are not used for incidence rate calculation.
,What level of prevention is a blood pressure screening program for high school students
who are pregnant?
A) Primary
B) Secondary
C) Tertiary
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Secondary prevention focuses on early identification of individuals
experiencing illness, providing treatment, and preventing worsening health status. Blood
pressure screening is early detection. Primary prevention prevents illness from ever
occurring. Tertiary prevention prevents long-term consequences of chronic illness.
Mr. Forbes complains of "indigestion" and becomes sweaty and pale. His wife takes him to
the Emergency Department at Northwestern Memorial Hospital. A cardiac catheterization
2 days later shows partial blockage of his right coronary artery (RCA).
Blockage of the right coronary artery can lead to myocardial cell injury because it results in
which of the following?
A) Bilirubin accumulation in myocardial cells
B) Alteration in the genetic material of myocardial cells
C) Reduced energy production in myocardial cells
D) Activation of the complement system
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Blockage of the RCA reduces blood flow (ischemia) to myocardial cells,
resulting in decreased oxygen delivery and reduced ATP production via oxidative
phosphorylation. Bilirubin accumulation, genetic alteration, and complement activation
are not the primary mechanisms of ischemic cell injury.
When myocardial cells are injured, the function of the Na-K membrane pump may be
impaired. Which of the following may then result?
A) Intracellular sodium will increase
, B) Extracellular potassium will decrease
C) Cell volume will decrease
D) All of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The Na-K pump normally moves sodium out of the cell and potassium into the
cell. When impaired, sodium accumulates intracellularly, and potassium leaks out of the
cell into the extracellular space. Cell volume increases (not decreases) due to sodium and
water retention.
Mr. Forbes is being prepared for open heart surgery when he suffers a myocardial infarction
in which a large part of his left ventricle has suffered lethal cell injury.
Mr. Forbes' CPK-MB and LDH1, enzymes associated with myocardial cells, are significantly
elevated. What is the best explanation for this?
A) It is a sign that necrotic myocardial cells have released their cytoplasmic contents into
the blood
B) It is a sign of reversible fatty accumulation in the myocardial cells
C) It is a sign that the myocardial cells are undergoing hypertrophy
D) None of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: When myocardial cells undergo necrosis, their cell membranes rupture, and
cytoplasmic contents including enzymes like CPK-MB and LDH1 are released into the
bloodstream. This is a marker of irreversible cell death, not reversible fatty accumulation or
hypertrophy.
If a tissue specimen of myocardial cells were obtained for examination from Mr. Forbes,
which of the following findings would indicate irreversible cell injury?
A) Cellular swelling
B) Decreased ATP production
C) Decreased intracellular calcium
