BSN 246 EXAM 3 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
AND CLINICAL CONCEPTS QUESTIONS
AND VERIFIED ANSWERS |100%
CORRECT| GRADE A+ NIGHTINGALE
1. A patient presents with a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 15 mL/min, significantly
elevated serum creatinine, and oliguria. Which stage of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) does
this represent?
A. Stage 5
B. Stage 3
C. Stage 4
D. Stage 2
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Stage 5 CKD, also known as end-stage renal disease (ESRD), is
characterized by a GFR less than 15 mL/min, necessitating dialysis or transplantation.
2. Which acid-base imbalance is most likely to occur in a patient with prolonged, severe
diarrhea?
A. Metabolic Acidosis
B. Metabolic Alkalosis
,C. Respiratory Acidosis
D. Respiratory Alkalosis
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Diarrhea results in the excessive loss of bicarbonate (a base)
from the lower gastrointestinal tract, leading to a state of metabolic acidosis.
3. In the pathophysiology of Emphysema, what is the primary cause of air trapping?
A. Hypertrophy of mucus-secreting glands
B. Loss of elastic recoil and alveolar wall destruction
C. Bronchial smooth muscle constriction
D. Accumulation of purulent exudate in the bronchioles
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Emphysema involves the destruction of alveolar walls and loss
of elastin, which causes the airways to collapse during expiration, trapping air.
4. A patient with liver cirrhosis develops massive ascites. What is the primary oncotic
mechanism responsible for this fluid shift?
A. Increased hydrostatic pressure in the portal vein
B. Increased capillary permeability due to inflammation
C. Decreased serum albumin production
, D. Sodium and water retention by the kidneys
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Hypoalbuminemia, caused by impaired liver synthesis, reduces
plasma oncotic pressure, allowing fluid to leak into the peritoneal cavity.
5. Which clinical finding is a hallmark characteristic of Nephrotic Syndrome?
A. Gross hematuria and hypertension
B. Ketonuria and metabolic alkalosis
C. Massive proteinuria (>3.5g/day) and generalized edema
D. Pyuria and flank pain
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Nephrotic syndrome is defined by massive proteinuria due to
increased glomerular permeability, leading to hypoalbuminemia and subsequent edema.
6. A patient is diagnosed with Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH).
Which laboratory result is most consistent with this diagnosis?
A. Urine specific gravity of 1.002
B. Serum osmolality of 320 mOsm/kg
C. Serum sodium of 120 mEq/L
D. Hyperglycemia
AND CLINICAL CONCEPTS QUESTIONS
AND VERIFIED ANSWERS |100%
CORRECT| GRADE A+ NIGHTINGALE
1. A patient presents with a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 15 mL/min, significantly
elevated serum creatinine, and oliguria. Which stage of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) does
this represent?
A. Stage 5
B. Stage 3
C. Stage 4
D. Stage 2
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Stage 5 CKD, also known as end-stage renal disease (ESRD), is
characterized by a GFR less than 15 mL/min, necessitating dialysis or transplantation.
2. Which acid-base imbalance is most likely to occur in a patient with prolonged, severe
diarrhea?
A. Metabolic Acidosis
B. Metabolic Alkalosis
,C. Respiratory Acidosis
D. Respiratory Alkalosis
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Diarrhea results in the excessive loss of bicarbonate (a base)
from the lower gastrointestinal tract, leading to a state of metabolic acidosis.
3. In the pathophysiology of Emphysema, what is the primary cause of air trapping?
A. Hypertrophy of mucus-secreting glands
B. Loss of elastic recoil and alveolar wall destruction
C. Bronchial smooth muscle constriction
D. Accumulation of purulent exudate in the bronchioles
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Emphysema involves the destruction of alveolar walls and loss
of elastin, which causes the airways to collapse during expiration, trapping air.
4. A patient with liver cirrhosis develops massive ascites. What is the primary oncotic
mechanism responsible for this fluid shift?
A. Increased hydrostatic pressure in the portal vein
B. Increased capillary permeability due to inflammation
C. Decreased serum albumin production
, D. Sodium and water retention by the kidneys
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Hypoalbuminemia, caused by impaired liver synthesis, reduces
plasma oncotic pressure, allowing fluid to leak into the peritoneal cavity.
5. Which clinical finding is a hallmark characteristic of Nephrotic Syndrome?
A. Gross hematuria and hypertension
B. Ketonuria and metabolic alkalosis
C. Massive proteinuria (>3.5g/day) and generalized edema
D. Pyuria and flank pain
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Nephrotic syndrome is defined by massive proteinuria due to
increased glomerular permeability, leading to hypoalbuminemia and subsequent edema.
6. A patient is diagnosed with Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH).
Which laboratory result is most consistent with this diagnosis?
A. Urine specific gravity of 1.002
B. Serum osmolality of 320 mOsm/kg
C. Serum sodium of 120 mEq/L
D. Hyperglycemia
