STRAIGHTERLINE SOC101 INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY |
STRAIGHTERLINE | ACADEMIC YEAR 2026/2027 | FINAL
COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION | VERIFIED QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWER RATIONALES
1. The four most abundant elements in the human body are - ANSWERS-carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
2. The three forms of matter are: - ANSWERS-solids, liquids, and gases
3. Eicosanoids - ANSWERS-play a role in the response of tissues to injuries
4. The sodium chloride molecule breaks apart in water. What does "A" represent? -
ANSWERS-salt crystal
5. Which of the following statements is false? - ANSWERS-Water evaporation heats the
body
6. All of the following terms relate to lipids. Which does not belong with the other four?
- ANSWERS-triglyceride
7. Which of the following is a component of a nucleotide? - ANSWERS-adenine--a
nitrogen base
8. A solution that contains one osmole of solute in one kilogram (kg) of water is called a
- ANSWERS-1 osmolal solution
9. Which of the following is the correct complementary strand to CATGTC? - ANSWERS-
GTACAG
10. Which of the following organic groups does DNA belong to? - ANSWERS-nucleic acid
11. Which of the following molecules is NOT made from cholesterol? - ANSWERS-
prostaglandins
12. The ph value - ANSWERS-is determined by the concentration of hydrogen ions
13. In order to study in detail the anatomy of internal cell parts, it would be best to use -
ANSWERS-a transmission electron microscope (TEM)
14. What structure does "A" represent on the diagram of the plasma membrane? -
ANSWERS-phospholipid bilayer
15. What structure does "D" represent on the diagram of the plasma membrane? -
ANSWERS-integral protein
,16. Which of the following activities is a function of the plasma membrane? - ANSWERS-
recognition of bacterial cells by the immune system
17. What structure does "B" represent on the diagram of the plasma membrane? -
ANSWERS-membrane channel protein
18. What structure does "E" represent on the diagram of the plasma membrane? -
ANSWERS-internal membrane surface
19. If 0.9% nacl (saline) solution is isotonic to a cell, then a 0.5% saline solution -
ANSWERS-is hypotonic to the cell
20. What type of membrane proteins have an exposed site on the outer cell surface that
can attach to a ligand? - ANSWERS-receptor proteins
21. A cell's ability to replenish ATP is reduced by a metabolic poison. Which organelle is
being affected? - ANSWERS-mitochondrion
22. Red blood cells (rbcs) have been placed in three different solutions: hypotonic,
hypertonic, isotonic. What is solution "B" relative to the RBC? - ANSWERS-hypertonic
solution
23. Large molecules move across cell membrane with the help or assistance of protein
carriers. This type of transport is generically called _______. - ANSWERS-mediated
transport
24. What is membrane potential? - ANSWERS-The electrical charge difference across the
membrane caused by ion movement.
25. Which mature cells do not have a nucleus? - ANSWERS-red blood cells
26. The anticodon sequence GUA pairs with which of the following codons? - ANSWERS-
CAU
27. Chromatin condenses and nucleoli disappear during - ANSWERS-prophase
28. In which part of the cell cycle do chromosomes align along the equator? - ANSWERS-
metaphase
29. Which of the following is NOT a type of cancer therapy? - ANSWERS-use of drugs to
increase the blood supply to the tumor
30. Which of the following is NOT associated with interphase? - ANSWERS-The cell does
nothing but rest
31. All triplets required to code for synthesis of a protein are a - ANSWERS-gene
,32. Transcription - ANSWERS-synthesizes DNA from RNA.
33. The presence of a cellular clock, presence of "death genes" and damage to DNA or
mitochondria are all theories of _____. - ANSWERS-aging
34. A non-albino female who is a carrier for the albino allele (Aa), mates with an albino
(aa) male. What is the probability that their children will be albino? - ANSWERS-50%
35. The actual genetic constitution of an individual is its - ANSWERS-genotype
36. A __________ is a display of the chromosomes of a somatic cell during metaphase of
mitosis. - ANSWERS-karyotype
37. The process of meiosis will _____ as the gametes are produced - ANSWERS-cut the
chromosome number by 1/2
38. A person's height, intelligence, eye color, and skin color are examples of - ANSWERS-
polygenic traits
39. Which of the following genotypes will result in a male? - ANSWERS-XY
40. What term describes the inheritance of a trait which in the heterozygote has an
intermediate expression between either allele? - ANSWERS-Incomplete dominance
41. Which of the following is an example of incomplete dominance? - ANSWERS-beta
thalassemia
42. What term means that both alleles are different? - ANSWERS-heterozygous
43. A gene that is responsible for producing trypsin in the pancreas would be a ____ gene.
- ANSWERS-dominant
44. Chromosomes that are NOT associated with sex determination are known as -
ANSWERS-autosomes
45. What genetic disorder is caused by having three chromosomes 21? - ANSWERS-
Down syndrome
46. What genetic disorder is a type of dwarfism characterized by shortening of the upper
and lower limbs? - ANSWERS-achondroplasia
47. Which of the following chromosome anomalies can be found in either sex? -
ANSWERS-Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)
48. A mutation involving a single nucleotide is a _____ mutation. - ANSWERS-point
49. A mistake during segregation of chromosomes is called - ANSWERS-nondisjunction
, 50. What genetic disorder is the inability to produce normal hemoglobin? - ANSWERS-
sickle-cell disease
51. What genetic disorder is characterized by lack of skin, hair, eye coloration? -
ANSWERS-albinism
52. Down Syndrome is an example of an aneuploidy called - ANSWERS-trisomy 21
53. An infant born with a genetic defect that causes little or no brown fat to be formed will
have - ANSWERS-difficulty regulating his body temperature
54. What is the girdle of glycoproteins just below the tight junction between epithelial
cells? - ANSWERS-adhesion belt
55. What is the removal of a tissue sample from patients via surgery or needle to diagnose
disease? - ANSWERS-biopsy
56. A gland with branching ducts that end in acini would be classified as - ANSWERS-
compound acinar
57. A cell that forms fibrous connective tissue would be called a - ANSWERS-fibroblast
58. A muscle that is not consciously controlled and has a banded appearance would be
described as - ANSWERS-striated involuntary
59. What type of cells contain large amounts of lipids? - ANSWERS-adipocytes
60. The type of membrane that lines freely movable joints is a _____ membrane. -
ANSWERS-synovial
61. Which of the following is NOT an adhesive molecule found in the ground substance of
connective tissue? - ANSWERS-chondroitin sulfate
62. Hyaluronic acid gives a very slippery quality to fluids that contain it. Hyaluronic acid -
ANSWERS-is a good lubricant for joint cavities
63. What type of cells break down bone tissue? - ANSWERS-osteoclast
64. Which of the following terms correctly identifies the name of an embryonic germ
layer? - ANSWERS-ectoderm
65. What attaches epithelial cells to the basement membrane? - ANSWERS-
hemidesmosomes
66. The extracellular material of a tissue is called the: - ANSWERS-matrix
STRAIGHTERLINE | ACADEMIC YEAR 2026/2027 | FINAL
COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION | VERIFIED QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWER RATIONALES
1. The four most abundant elements in the human body are - ANSWERS-carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
2. The three forms of matter are: - ANSWERS-solids, liquids, and gases
3. Eicosanoids - ANSWERS-play a role in the response of tissues to injuries
4. The sodium chloride molecule breaks apart in water. What does "A" represent? -
ANSWERS-salt crystal
5. Which of the following statements is false? - ANSWERS-Water evaporation heats the
body
6. All of the following terms relate to lipids. Which does not belong with the other four?
- ANSWERS-triglyceride
7. Which of the following is a component of a nucleotide? - ANSWERS-adenine--a
nitrogen base
8. A solution that contains one osmole of solute in one kilogram (kg) of water is called a
- ANSWERS-1 osmolal solution
9. Which of the following is the correct complementary strand to CATGTC? - ANSWERS-
GTACAG
10. Which of the following organic groups does DNA belong to? - ANSWERS-nucleic acid
11. Which of the following molecules is NOT made from cholesterol? - ANSWERS-
prostaglandins
12. The ph value - ANSWERS-is determined by the concentration of hydrogen ions
13. In order to study in detail the anatomy of internal cell parts, it would be best to use -
ANSWERS-a transmission electron microscope (TEM)
14. What structure does "A" represent on the diagram of the plasma membrane? -
ANSWERS-phospholipid bilayer
15. What structure does "D" represent on the diagram of the plasma membrane? -
ANSWERS-integral protein
,16. Which of the following activities is a function of the plasma membrane? - ANSWERS-
recognition of bacterial cells by the immune system
17. What structure does "B" represent on the diagram of the plasma membrane? -
ANSWERS-membrane channel protein
18. What structure does "E" represent on the diagram of the plasma membrane? -
ANSWERS-internal membrane surface
19. If 0.9% nacl (saline) solution is isotonic to a cell, then a 0.5% saline solution -
ANSWERS-is hypotonic to the cell
20. What type of membrane proteins have an exposed site on the outer cell surface that
can attach to a ligand? - ANSWERS-receptor proteins
21. A cell's ability to replenish ATP is reduced by a metabolic poison. Which organelle is
being affected? - ANSWERS-mitochondrion
22. Red blood cells (rbcs) have been placed in three different solutions: hypotonic,
hypertonic, isotonic. What is solution "B" relative to the RBC? - ANSWERS-hypertonic
solution
23. Large molecules move across cell membrane with the help or assistance of protein
carriers. This type of transport is generically called _______. - ANSWERS-mediated
transport
24. What is membrane potential? - ANSWERS-The electrical charge difference across the
membrane caused by ion movement.
25. Which mature cells do not have a nucleus? - ANSWERS-red blood cells
26. The anticodon sequence GUA pairs with which of the following codons? - ANSWERS-
CAU
27. Chromatin condenses and nucleoli disappear during - ANSWERS-prophase
28. In which part of the cell cycle do chromosomes align along the equator? - ANSWERS-
metaphase
29. Which of the following is NOT a type of cancer therapy? - ANSWERS-use of drugs to
increase the blood supply to the tumor
30. Which of the following is NOT associated with interphase? - ANSWERS-The cell does
nothing but rest
31. All triplets required to code for synthesis of a protein are a - ANSWERS-gene
,32. Transcription - ANSWERS-synthesizes DNA from RNA.
33. The presence of a cellular clock, presence of "death genes" and damage to DNA or
mitochondria are all theories of _____. - ANSWERS-aging
34. A non-albino female who is a carrier for the albino allele (Aa), mates with an albino
(aa) male. What is the probability that their children will be albino? - ANSWERS-50%
35. The actual genetic constitution of an individual is its - ANSWERS-genotype
36. A __________ is a display of the chromosomes of a somatic cell during metaphase of
mitosis. - ANSWERS-karyotype
37. The process of meiosis will _____ as the gametes are produced - ANSWERS-cut the
chromosome number by 1/2
38. A person's height, intelligence, eye color, and skin color are examples of - ANSWERS-
polygenic traits
39. Which of the following genotypes will result in a male? - ANSWERS-XY
40. What term describes the inheritance of a trait which in the heterozygote has an
intermediate expression between either allele? - ANSWERS-Incomplete dominance
41. Which of the following is an example of incomplete dominance? - ANSWERS-beta
thalassemia
42. What term means that both alleles are different? - ANSWERS-heterozygous
43. A gene that is responsible for producing trypsin in the pancreas would be a ____ gene.
- ANSWERS-dominant
44. Chromosomes that are NOT associated with sex determination are known as -
ANSWERS-autosomes
45. What genetic disorder is caused by having three chromosomes 21? - ANSWERS-
Down syndrome
46. What genetic disorder is a type of dwarfism characterized by shortening of the upper
and lower limbs? - ANSWERS-achondroplasia
47. Which of the following chromosome anomalies can be found in either sex? -
ANSWERS-Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)
48. A mutation involving a single nucleotide is a _____ mutation. - ANSWERS-point
49. A mistake during segregation of chromosomes is called - ANSWERS-nondisjunction
, 50. What genetic disorder is the inability to produce normal hemoglobin? - ANSWERS-
sickle-cell disease
51. What genetic disorder is characterized by lack of skin, hair, eye coloration? -
ANSWERS-albinism
52. Down Syndrome is an example of an aneuploidy called - ANSWERS-trisomy 21
53. An infant born with a genetic defect that causes little or no brown fat to be formed will
have - ANSWERS-difficulty regulating his body temperature
54. What is the girdle of glycoproteins just below the tight junction between epithelial
cells? - ANSWERS-adhesion belt
55. What is the removal of a tissue sample from patients via surgery or needle to diagnose
disease? - ANSWERS-biopsy
56. A gland with branching ducts that end in acini would be classified as - ANSWERS-
compound acinar
57. A cell that forms fibrous connective tissue would be called a - ANSWERS-fibroblast
58. A muscle that is not consciously controlled and has a banded appearance would be
described as - ANSWERS-striated involuntary
59. What type of cells contain large amounts of lipids? - ANSWERS-adipocytes
60. The type of membrane that lines freely movable joints is a _____ membrane. -
ANSWERS-synovial
61. Which of the following is NOT an adhesive molecule found in the ground substance of
connective tissue? - ANSWERS-chondroitin sulfate
62. Hyaluronic acid gives a very slippery quality to fluids that contain it. Hyaluronic acid -
ANSWERS-is a good lubricant for joint cavities
63. What type of cells break down bone tissue? - ANSWERS-osteoclast
64. Which of the following terms correctly identifies the name of an embryonic germ
layer? - ANSWERS-ectoderm
65. What attaches epithelial cells to the basement membrane? - ANSWERS-
hemidesmosomes
66. The extracellular material of a tissue is called the: - ANSWERS-matrix
