BIOD 121 FINAL EXAM REVIEW 2026 - PORTAGE NUTRITION
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
1. Which counseling recommendation best fits the concept of insoluble fiber?
A. found in wheat bran and many vegetables
B. associated with favorable cardiometabolic outcomes
C. amino acids and small peptides are absorbed
D. deficiency is associated with beriberi and Wernicke encephalopathy
Correct Answer: A. found in wheat bran and many vegetables
Rationale: The evidence-aligned recommendation is to found in wheat bran and many vegetables.
2. Which statement best describes essential amino acids?
A. cannot be synthesized in sufficient amounts by the body
B. major intracellular cation
C. rapid growth raises energy and nutrient needs
D. increased ketone production when carbohydrate availability or insulin action is low
Correct Answer: A. cannot be synthesized in sufficient amounts by the body
Rationale: essential amino acids: cannot be synthesized in sufficient amounts by the body.
3. Which practical application is most appropriate for physical activity?
A. combine aerobic and resistance activity as appropriate
B. deficiency is uncommon but can occur with fat malabsorption
C. glycemic load also considers amount of carbohydrate eaten
D. medical instability can require urgent treatment
Correct Answer: A. combine aerobic and resistance activity as appropriate
Rationale: A practical application is to combine aerobic and resistance activity as appropriate.
4. A nutrition assessment raises a question about protein digestion. Which interpretation is most accurate?
A. required for neurologic function and DNA synthesis
B. begins in stomach with acid and pepsin then continues in small intestine
C. time-temperature control and hygiene reduce pathogen growth/transmission
D. coenzyme in carbohydrate metabolism
Correct Answer: B. begins in stomach with acid and pepsin then continues in small intestine
Rationale: The accurate interpretation is begins in stomach with acid and pepsin then continues in small intestine.
5. Which finding or definition best distinguishes vitamin K from related nutrition concepts?
A. needed for gamma-carboxylation of clotting factors
B. supports vision, epithelial integrity, and immunity
C. 7 kcal per gram but is not an essential nutrient
D. an internal physiologic drive to eat
Correct Answer: A. needed for gamma-carboxylation of clotting factors
Rationale: The distinguishing feature is needed for gamma-carboxylation of clotting factors.
6. A nutrition assessment raises a question about carbohydrate. Which interpretation is most accurate?
A. major intracellular cation
B. needed for gamma-carboxylation of clotting factors
C. coenzyme in carbohydrate metabolism
D. 4 kcal per gram and primary source of glucose
Correct Answer: D. 4 kcal per gram and primary source of glucose
Rationale: The accurate interpretation is 4 kcal per gram and primary source of glucose.
7. Which practical application is most appropriate for energy balance?
A. fruits, vegetables, legumes, and dairy are common sources
B. phosphate depletion is a hallmark risk
C. deficiency can cause goiter and impaired neurodevelopment in severe pregnancy deficiency
D. persistent positive balance tends to promote weight gain
Correct Answer: D. persistent positive balance tends to promote weight gain
Rationale: A practical application is to persistent positive balance tends to promote weight gain.
8. Which counseling recommendation best fits the concept of protein digestion?
,A. final absorbable product is mainly glucose
B. avoid cross-contamination and cook foods to safe temperatures
C. amino acids and small peptides are absorbed
D. foods high in water/fiber tend to have lower energy density
Correct Answer: C. amino acids and small peptides are absorbed
Rationale: The evidence-aligned recommendation is to amino acids and small peptides are absorbed.
9. Which statement best describes physical activity?
A. weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared
B. recurrent binge eating with compensatory behaviors
C. 4 kcal per gram and supplies amino acids
D. increases energy expenditure and supports cardiometabolic health
Correct Answer: D. increases energy expenditure and supports cardiometabolic health
Rationale: physical activity: increases energy expenditure and supports cardiometabolic health.
10. Which finding or definition best distinguishes iron from related nutrition concepts?
A. component of FAD/FMN coenzymes
B. growth slows and appetite can vary
C. component of hemoglobin and myoglobin
D. supports collagen synthesis and enhances non-heme iron absorption
Correct Answer: C. component of hemoglobin and myoglobin
Rationale: The distinguishing feature is component of hemoglobin and myoglobin.
11. Which practical application is most appropriate for folate?
A. exclusive breastfeeding provides nutrition but vitamin D supplementation is commonly recommended for
infants
B. adequate intake before conception reduces neural tube defect risk
C. electrolyte disturbances and dental erosion can occur
D. calcium, vitamin D, iron and overall diet quality are important
Correct Answer: B. adequate intake before conception reduces neural tube defect risk
Rationale: A practical application is to adequate intake before conception reduces neural tube defect risk.
12. Which statement best describes nitrogen balance?
A. compares nitrogen intake with loss
B. adds stool bulk and supports bowel regularity
C. an internal physiologic drive to eat
D. immune-mediated reaction to gluten damages small-intestinal villi
Correct Answer: A. compares nitrogen intake with loss
Rationale: nitrogen balance: compares nitrogen intake with loss.
13. A nutrition assessment raises a question about BMI. Which interpretation is most accurate?
A. supports collagen synthesis and enhances non-heme iron absorption
B. weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared
C. emphasizes fruits, vegetables, low-fat dairy, whole grains and lower sodium
D. energy and fluid needs increase
Correct Answer: B. weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared
Rationale: The accurate interpretation is weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared.
14. Which counseling recommendation best fits the concept of lactation nutrition?
A. requires lifelong gluten-free diet
B. exclusive breastfeeding provides nutrition but vitamin D supplementation is commonly recommended for
infants
C. treatment may include psychotherapy and medical/nutrition care
D. can occur with prolonged fasting or very-low-carbohydrate intake
Correct Answer: B. exclusive breastfeeding provides nutrition but vitamin D supplementation is commonly
recommended for infants
Rationale: The evidence-aligned recommendation is to exclusive breastfeeding provides nutrition but vitamin D
supplementation is commonly recommended for infants.
15. Which practical application is most appropriate for satiety?
,A. introduce iron-rich foods and avoid honey before 12 months
B. protein, fiber, volume, and energy density influence satiety
C. fatty fish provides EPA/DHA
D. deficiency can cause poor wound healing and scurvy
Correct Answer: B. protein, fiber, volume, and energy density influence satiety
Rationale: A practical application is to protein, fiber, volume, and energy density influence satiety.
16. Which counseling recommendation best fits the concept of ketosis?
A. absorption depends on intrinsic factor and terminal ileum
B. calcium, vitamin D, iron and overall diet quality are important
C. can occur with prolonged fasting or very-low-carbohydrate intake
D. vitamin D supports absorption
Correct Answer: C. can occur with prolonged fasting or very-low-carbohydrate intake
Rationale: The evidence-aligned recommendation is to can occur with prolonged fasting or
very-low-carbohydrate intake.
17. Which finding or definition best distinguishes nitrogen balance from related nutrition concepts?
A. energy and fluid needs increase
B. compares nitrogen intake with loss
C. basis for the listed nutrient amounts
D. component of NAD/NADP
Correct Answer: B. compares nitrogen intake with loss
Rationale: The distinguishing feature is compares nitrogen intake with loss.
18. Which statement best describes soluble fiber?
A. rapid growth raises energy and nutrient needs
B. forms a gel and can help lower LDL cholesterol
C. nonimmune adverse response to food
D. component of NAD/NADP
Correct Answer: B. forms a gel and can help lower LDL cholesterol
Rationale: soluble fiber: forms a gel and can help lower LDL cholesterol.
19. Which finding or definition best distinguishes basal metabolic rate from related nutrition concepts?
A. recurrent binge eating with compensatory behaviors
B. energy used to maintain vital functions at rest
C. compares nitrogen intake with loss
D. needs for folate, iron, protein and some nutrients rise
Correct Answer: B. energy used to maintain vital functions at rest
Rationale: The distinguishing feature is energy used to maintain vital functions at rest.
20. A nutrition assessment raises a question about foodborne illness prevention. Which interpretation is
most accurate?
A. weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared
B. growth slows and appetite can vary
C. time-temperature control and hygiene reduce pathogen growth/transmission
D. component of NAD/NADP
Correct Answer: C. time-temperature control and hygiene reduce pathogen growth/transmission
Rationale: The accurate interpretation is time-temperature control and hygiene reduce pathogen
growth/transmission.
21. Which statement best describes satiety?
A. supports collagen synthesis and enhances non-heme iron absorption
B. feeling of fullness after eating
C. growth slows and appetite can vary
D. component of NAD/NADP
Correct Answer: B. feeling of fullness after eating
Rationale: satiety: feeling of fullness after eating.
22. Which practical application is most appropriate for nitrogen balance?
A. limit intake to improve nutrient density
, B. adequate intake before conception reduces neural tube defect risk
C. avoid cross-contamination and cook foods to safe temperatures
D. positive balance occurs during growth/pregnancy/recovery
Correct Answer: D. positive balance occurs during growth/pregnancy/recovery
Rationale: A practical application is to positive balance occurs during growth/pregnancy/recovery.
23. Which counseling recommendation best fits the concept of celiac disease?
A. watch for dehydration, weight loss, dentition, medication and social barriers
B. requires lifelong gluten-free diet
C. 5% DV is generally low and 20% DV is generally high
D. combine aerobic and resistance activity as appropriate
Correct Answer: B. requires lifelong gluten-free diet
Rationale: The evidence-aligned recommendation is to requires lifelong gluten-free diet.
24. Which practical application is most appropriate for percent Daily Value?
A. needs rise with heat, exercise, fever, and some losses
B. calcium, vitamin D, iron and overall diet quality are important
C. 5% DV is generally low and 20% DV is generally high
D. adequate intake before conception reduces neural tube defect risk
Correct Answer: C. 5% DV is generally low and 20% DV is generally high
Rationale: A practical application is to 5% DV is generally low and 20% DV is generally high.
25. Which statement best describes trans fat?
A. component of hemoglobin and myoglobin
B. energy and fluid needs increase
C. industrial trans fats adversely affect lipoproteins
D. supports collagen synthesis and enhances non-heme iron absorption
Correct Answer: C. industrial trans fats adversely affect lipoproteins
Rationale: trans fat: industrial trans fats adversely affect lipoproteins.
26. Which finding or definition best distinguishes insoluble fiber from related nutrition concepts?
A. cluster including central adiposity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and impaired glucose regulation
B. adds stool bulk and supports bowel regularity
C. essential for temperature regulation and transport
D. immune-mediated reaction to gluten damages small-intestinal villi
Correct Answer: B. adds stool bulk and supports bowel regularity
Rationale: The distinguishing feature is adds stool bulk and supports bowel regularity.
27. A nutrition assessment raises a question about satiety. Which interpretation is most accurate?
A. needed for gamma-carboxylation of clotting factors
B. helps judge whether a serving is relatively low or high in a nutrient
C. feeling of fullness after eating
D. energy and fluid needs increase
Correct Answer: C. feeling of fullness after eating
Rationale: The accurate interpretation is feeling of fullness after eating.
28. Which counseling recommendation best fits the concept of vitamin B12?
A. offer repeated exposure to healthy foods without force-feeding
B. high intake can worsen hypertension in salt-sensitive individuals
C. absorption depends on intrinsic factor and terminal ileum
D. medical instability can require urgent treatment
Correct Answer: C. absorption depends on intrinsic factor and terminal ileum
Rationale: The evidence-aligned recommendation is to absorption depends on intrinsic factor and terminal ileum.
29. Which finding or definition best distinguishes iodine from related nutrition concepts?
A. essential for temperature regulation and transport
B. 9 kcal per gram
C. required for thyroid hormone synthesis
D. dangerous electrolyte shifts after nutrition is restarted in severely malnourished patients
Correct Answer: C. required for thyroid hormone synthesis
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
1. Which counseling recommendation best fits the concept of insoluble fiber?
A. found in wheat bran and many vegetables
B. associated with favorable cardiometabolic outcomes
C. amino acids and small peptides are absorbed
D. deficiency is associated with beriberi and Wernicke encephalopathy
Correct Answer: A. found in wheat bran and many vegetables
Rationale: The evidence-aligned recommendation is to found in wheat bran and many vegetables.
2. Which statement best describes essential amino acids?
A. cannot be synthesized in sufficient amounts by the body
B. major intracellular cation
C. rapid growth raises energy and nutrient needs
D. increased ketone production when carbohydrate availability or insulin action is low
Correct Answer: A. cannot be synthesized in sufficient amounts by the body
Rationale: essential amino acids: cannot be synthesized in sufficient amounts by the body.
3. Which practical application is most appropriate for physical activity?
A. combine aerobic and resistance activity as appropriate
B. deficiency is uncommon but can occur with fat malabsorption
C. glycemic load also considers amount of carbohydrate eaten
D. medical instability can require urgent treatment
Correct Answer: A. combine aerobic and resistance activity as appropriate
Rationale: A practical application is to combine aerobic and resistance activity as appropriate.
4. A nutrition assessment raises a question about protein digestion. Which interpretation is most accurate?
A. required for neurologic function and DNA synthesis
B. begins in stomach with acid and pepsin then continues in small intestine
C. time-temperature control and hygiene reduce pathogen growth/transmission
D. coenzyme in carbohydrate metabolism
Correct Answer: B. begins in stomach with acid and pepsin then continues in small intestine
Rationale: The accurate interpretation is begins in stomach with acid and pepsin then continues in small intestine.
5. Which finding or definition best distinguishes vitamin K from related nutrition concepts?
A. needed for gamma-carboxylation of clotting factors
B. supports vision, epithelial integrity, and immunity
C. 7 kcal per gram but is not an essential nutrient
D. an internal physiologic drive to eat
Correct Answer: A. needed for gamma-carboxylation of clotting factors
Rationale: The distinguishing feature is needed for gamma-carboxylation of clotting factors.
6. A nutrition assessment raises a question about carbohydrate. Which interpretation is most accurate?
A. major intracellular cation
B. needed for gamma-carboxylation of clotting factors
C. coenzyme in carbohydrate metabolism
D. 4 kcal per gram and primary source of glucose
Correct Answer: D. 4 kcal per gram and primary source of glucose
Rationale: The accurate interpretation is 4 kcal per gram and primary source of glucose.
7. Which practical application is most appropriate for energy balance?
A. fruits, vegetables, legumes, and dairy are common sources
B. phosphate depletion is a hallmark risk
C. deficiency can cause goiter and impaired neurodevelopment in severe pregnancy deficiency
D. persistent positive balance tends to promote weight gain
Correct Answer: D. persistent positive balance tends to promote weight gain
Rationale: A practical application is to persistent positive balance tends to promote weight gain.
8. Which counseling recommendation best fits the concept of protein digestion?
,A. final absorbable product is mainly glucose
B. avoid cross-contamination and cook foods to safe temperatures
C. amino acids and small peptides are absorbed
D. foods high in water/fiber tend to have lower energy density
Correct Answer: C. amino acids and small peptides are absorbed
Rationale: The evidence-aligned recommendation is to amino acids and small peptides are absorbed.
9. Which statement best describes physical activity?
A. weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared
B. recurrent binge eating with compensatory behaviors
C. 4 kcal per gram and supplies amino acids
D. increases energy expenditure and supports cardiometabolic health
Correct Answer: D. increases energy expenditure and supports cardiometabolic health
Rationale: physical activity: increases energy expenditure and supports cardiometabolic health.
10. Which finding or definition best distinguishes iron from related nutrition concepts?
A. component of FAD/FMN coenzymes
B. growth slows and appetite can vary
C. component of hemoglobin and myoglobin
D. supports collagen synthesis and enhances non-heme iron absorption
Correct Answer: C. component of hemoglobin and myoglobin
Rationale: The distinguishing feature is component of hemoglobin and myoglobin.
11. Which practical application is most appropriate for folate?
A. exclusive breastfeeding provides nutrition but vitamin D supplementation is commonly recommended for
infants
B. adequate intake before conception reduces neural tube defect risk
C. electrolyte disturbances and dental erosion can occur
D. calcium, vitamin D, iron and overall diet quality are important
Correct Answer: B. adequate intake before conception reduces neural tube defect risk
Rationale: A practical application is to adequate intake before conception reduces neural tube defect risk.
12. Which statement best describes nitrogen balance?
A. compares nitrogen intake with loss
B. adds stool bulk and supports bowel regularity
C. an internal physiologic drive to eat
D. immune-mediated reaction to gluten damages small-intestinal villi
Correct Answer: A. compares nitrogen intake with loss
Rationale: nitrogen balance: compares nitrogen intake with loss.
13. A nutrition assessment raises a question about BMI. Which interpretation is most accurate?
A. supports collagen synthesis and enhances non-heme iron absorption
B. weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared
C. emphasizes fruits, vegetables, low-fat dairy, whole grains and lower sodium
D. energy and fluid needs increase
Correct Answer: B. weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared
Rationale: The accurate interpretation is weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared.
14. Which counseling recommendation best fits the concept of lactation nutrition?
A. requires lifelong gluten-free diet
B. exclusive breastfeeding provides nutrition but vitamin D supplementation is commonly recommended for
infants
C. treatment may include psychotherapy and medical/nutrition care
D. can occur with prolonged fasting or very-low-carbohydrate intake
Correct Answer: B. exclusive breastfeeding provides nutrition but vitamin D supplementation is commonly
recommended for infants
Rationale: The evidence-aligned recommendation is to exclusive breastfeeding provides nutrition but vitamin D
supplementation is commonly recommended for infants.
15. Which practical application is most appropriate for satiety?
,A. introduce iron-rich foods and avoid honey before 12 months
B. protein, fiber, volume, and energy density influence satiety
C. fatty fish provides EPA/DHA
D. deficiency can cause poor wound healing and scurvy
Correct Answer: B. protein, fiber, volume, and energy density influence satiety
Rationale: A practical application is to protein, fiber, volume, and energy density influence satiety.
16. Which counseling recommendation best fits the concept of ketosis?
A. absorption depends on intrinsic factor and terminal ileum
B. calcium, vitamin D, iron and overall diet quality are important
C. can occur with prolonged fasting or very-low-carbohydrate intake
D. vitamin D supports absorption
Correct Answer: C. can occur with prolonged fasting or very-low-carbohydrate intake
Rationale: The evidence-aligned recommendation is to can occur with prolonged fasting or
very-low-carbohydrate intake.
17. Which finding or definition best distinguishes nitrogen balance from related nutrition concepts?
A. energy and fluid needs increase
B. compares nitrogen intake with loss
C. basis for the listed nutrient amounts
D. component of NAD/NADP
Correct Answer: B. compares nitrogen intake with loss
Rationale: The distinguishing feature is compares nitrogen intake with loss.
18. Which statement best describes soluble fiber?
A. rapid growth raises energy and nutrient needs
B. forms a gel and can help lower LDL cholesterol
C. nonimmune adverse response to food
D. component of NAD/NADP
Correct Answer: B. forms a gel and can help lower LDL cholesterol
Rationale: soluble fiber: forms a gel and can help lower LDL cholesterol.
19. Which finding or definition best distinguishes basal metabolic rate from related nutrition concepts?
A. recurrent binge eating with compensatory behaviors
B. energy used to maintain vital functions at rest
C. compares nitrogen intake with loss
D. needs for folate, iron, protein and some nutrients rise
Correct Answer: B. energy used to maintain vital functions at rest
Rationale: The distinguishing feature is energy used to maintain vital functions at rest.
20. A nutrition assessment raises a question about foodborne illness prevention. Which interpretation is
most accurate?
A. weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared
B. growth slows and appetite can vary
C. time-temperature control and hygiene reduce pathogen growth/transmission
D. component of NAD/NADP
Correct Answer: C. time-temperature control and hygiene reduce pathogen growth/transmission
Rationale: The accurate interpretation is time-temperature control and hygiene reduce pathogen
growth/transmission.
21. Which statement best describes satiety?
A. supports collagen synthesis and enhances non-heme iron absorption
B. feeling of fullness after eating
C. growth slows and appetite can vary
D. component of NAD/NADP
Correct Answer: B. feeling of fullness after eating
Rationale: satiety: feeling of fullness after eating.
22. Which practical application is most appropriate for nitrogen balance?
A. limit intake to improve nutrient density
, B. adequate intake before conception reduces neural tube defect risk
C. avoid cross-contamination and cook foods to safe temperatures
D. positive balance occurs during growth/pregnancy/recovery
Correct Answer: D. positive balance occurs during growth/pregnancy/recovery
Rationale: A practical application is to positive balance occurs during growth/pregnancy/recovery.
23. Which counseling recommendation best fits the concept of celiac disease?
A. watch for dehydration, weight loss, dentition, medication and social barriers
B. requires lifelong gluten-free diet
C. 5% DV is generally low and 20% DV is generally high
D. combine aerobic and resistance activity as appropriate
Correct Answer: B. requires lifelong gluten-free diet
Rationale: The evidence-aligned recommendation is to requires lifelong gluten-free diet.
24. Which practical application is most appropriate for percent Daily Value?
A. needs rise with heat, exercise, fever, and some losses
B. calcium, vitamin D, iron and overall diet quality are important
C. 5% DV is generally low and 20% DV is generally high
D. adequate intake before conception reduces neural tube defect risk
Correct Answer: C. 5% DV is generally low and 20% DV is generally high
Rationale: A practical application is to 5% DV is generally low and 20% DV is generally high.
25. Which statement best describes trans fat?
A. component of hemoglobin and myoglobin
B. energy and fluid needs increase
C. industrial trans fats adversely affect lipoproteins
D. supports collagen synthesis and enhances non-heme iron absorption
Correct Answer: C. industrial trans fats adversely affect lipoproteins
Rationale: trans fat: industrial trans fats adversely affect lipoproteins.
26. Which finding or definition best distinguishes insoluble fiber from related nutrition concepts?
A. cluster including central adiposity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and impaired glucose regulation
B. adds stool bulk and supports bowel regularity
C. essential for temperature regulation and transport
D. immune-mediated reaction to gluten damages small-intestinal villi
Correct Answer: B. adds stool bulk and supports bowel regularity
Rationale: The distinguishing feature is adds stool bulk and supports bowel regularity.
27. A nutrition assessment raises a question about satiety. Which interpretation is most accurate?
A. needed for gamma-carboxylation of clotting factors
B. helps judge whether a serving is relatively low or high in a nutrient
C. feeling of fullness after eating
D. energy and fluid needs increase
Correct Answer: C. feeling of fullness after eating
Rationale: The accurate interpretation is feeling of fullness after eating.
28. Which counseling recommendation best fits the concept of vitamin B12?
A. offer repeated exposure to healthy foods without force-feeding
B. high intake can worsen hypertension in salt-sensitive individuals
C. absorption depends on intrinsic factor and terminal ileum
D. medical instability can require urgent treatment
Correct Answer: C. absorption depends on intrinsic factor and terminal ileum
Rationale: The evidence-aligned recommendation is to absorption depends on intrinsic factor and terminal ileum.
29. Which finding or definition best distinguishes iodine from related nutrition concepts?
A. essential for temperature regulation and transport
B. 9 kcal per gram
C. required for thyroid hormone synthesis
D. dangerous electrolyte shifts after nutrition is restarted in severely malnourished patients
Correct Answer: C. required for thyroid hormone synthesis
