A History of World Societies, Combined Volume, 10e John McKay, Patricia Buckley
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c1Ebrey, Roger Beck, Merry Wiesner Hanks, Jerry Davila, Clare Haru Crowston (Test
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
Bank All Chapters, 100% Original Verified, A+Grade) Answers At The End Of Each
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
Chapter c1
Chapter 01_Essay c1
Answer each of the following questions with an essay. Be sure to include specific examples that
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support your thesis and conclusions.
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1. What are some of the problems in using evidence from contemporary gatherer societies to
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study early humans?
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2. How did early Homo erectus spread out of East Africa into other parts of the world? Where
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did they go, and how early did they reach those places?
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3. What were the key features of Paleolithic food attainment and Paleolithic diets?
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4. What are some of the theories about gender relationships in Paleolithic societies? What
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changed in those relationships in the Neolithic period? What kinds of evidence are used in
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
supporting or arguing against these theories?
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5. What is the relationship between pastoralism, disease, and humans?
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6. How did material goods create, define, and perpetuate social hierarchies in Neolithic
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societies?c1
Page 1 c 1
,Answer Key c1
1. Answer would ideally include: c1 c1 c1
• Because the earliest humans did not leave behind written evidence, scientists have studied c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
more recent societies that lived by similar gathering means. However, most evidence about
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
recent gatherer societies was written by external sources and thus includes their biases and
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
expectations, such as the inferiority of foraging as a lifestyle. Furthermore, few modern
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foragers or gatherers are truly isolated from the influence of other agricultural or industrial
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
cultures. Also, this approach assumes that gatherer societies are somehow static and remain
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
unchanged over many centuries, which ignores the evidence of how adaptable such societies
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
really are.
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2. Answer would ideally include: c1 c1 c1
• Homo erectus migrated out of East Africa into central Africa, and then into northern Africa.
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
This migration took place 2 million years ago. As early as 1.8 million years ago, Homo
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erectus had spread to Asia, reaching China and Java by 1.5 million years ago. These
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
migrations took place over land, along coastline routes. Because sea levels were lower then,
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
individuals could cross from the mainland of China to Java on foot. Homo erectus also
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
moved northward from Africa, into Spain by 800,000 years ago and into Germany 500,000
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
years ago. In each of these places, they adapted hunting and gathering techniques to the local
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
environment.
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3. Answer would ideally include: c1 c1 c1
• The Paleolithic diet consisted of a combination of plants and animal protein. Paleolithic
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
peoples foraged for their food, engaging in what we would consider a combination of
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
hunting, scavenging, and gathering. Most of what they ate were plants. Animal protein often
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
came from scavenged foods like insects and shellfish rather than being hunted directly. It is
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
unknown as to whether labor was divided between genders, but in today's foraging societies,
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
there is some division, with men engaging in hunting large animals and women responsible
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
for gathering plants and small animals. It took between ten and twenty hours per week to
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
gather food, but this number varied depending on environmental factors and group
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
decisions. Because Paleolithic peoples had to forage for their diet, they expended energy
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
and, in general, avoided diseases common in sedentary societies. Life spans were kept in
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
check by accidents, injuries, and infections.
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4. Answer would ideally include: c1 c1 c1
• Studies of more recent foraging societies suggest that women were valued for their labor,c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
c1 which was recognized as equal to the work of men. Both men and women foraged for food, and
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
c1 both participated in hunting. Other scholars theorize that even in Paleolithic society one
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
c1 person may have emerged as a leader, perhaps based on personal skill, and that this person
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
c1 was almost always a man. It is more certain that by the Neolithic period, after the invention of
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
c1 plow agriculture, society became more hierarchical and men took on more of a public, elite
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
c1 status. Women were limited to the home or enclosed spaces, and land inheritance favored
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
c1 men over women. Evidence for
c1 c1 c1 c1
Page 2 c 1
, gender roles in the Neolithic period comes from later written traditions.
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
5. Answer would ideally include: c1 c1 c1
• Pastoralism is the herding and raising of livestock. It requires humans to live in close
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
contact with their herd animals, thus exposing humans to various animal-borne diseases, such
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
as smallpox. Initially, exposure to diseases may have caused higher mortality rates in
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pastoralist societies, but over time, humans would have developed some resistance to them.
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
Foragers were not exposed to these diseases and thus did not develop any resistance to them.
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
When a pastoralist society encountered a forager society, this might have led the former to
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
expose the latter to deadly pathogens.
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6. Answer would ideally include: c1 c1 c1
• The possession of material goods—such as livestock, dwelling structures, plows, carts, and
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
c1 pots—indicated that some individuals had control over more labor. Labor was used to c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
c1 acquire material goods. The more material goods one had, the more labor one controlled.
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
c1 This indicated status; to control labor was to have a higher status than others. Having material
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
c1 goods gave one the ability to acquire yet more material goods and to continue to acquire
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
c1 status. Material goods, along with land, could also constitute an inheritance, and thus
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
c1 perpetuate status into the next generation. c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
Page 3 c 1
, Chapter 01_Matching c1
Use the following to answer questions 1-15:
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Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
in the Definitions section.
c1 c1 c1 c1
Terms
a. pastoralism
b. Neanderthals
c. division of labor c1 c1
d. animism
e. social hierarchies c1
f. patriarchy
g. Paleolithic era c1
h. Agricultural Revolution c1
g. foraging
h. shamans
i. Neolithic era c1
j. hominids
k. horticulture
l. megafaunal extinction c1
m. domesticated
1. Period during which humans used tools of stone, bone, and wood and obtained food by
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
gathering and hunting. Roughly 250,000–9,000 B.C.E.
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
2. Dramatic transformation in human history resulting from the change from foraging to
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
raising crops and animals.
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
3. Period beginning in 9000 B.C.E. during which humans obtained food byraising crops and
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
animals and continued to use tools primarily of stone, bone, and wood.
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
4. Members of the family Hominidae that contains humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, and c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
orangutans. c1 c1
5. Die-off of large animals in many parts of the world about 15,000–10,000 B.C.E., caused by
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
climate change and perhaps human hunting.
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
Page 1 c 1
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
c1Ebrey, Roger Beck, Merry Wiesner Hanks, Jerry Davila, Clare Haru Crowston (Test
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
Bank All Chapters, 100% Original Verified, A+Grade) Answers At The End Of Each
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
Chapter c1
Chapter 01_Essay c1
Answer each of the following questions with an essay. Be sure to include specific examples that
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
support your thesis and conclusions.
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
1. What are some of the problems in using evidence from contemporary gatherer societies to
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
study early humans?
c1 c1 c1
2. How did early Homo erectus spread out of East Africa into other parts of the world? Where
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
did they go, and how early did they reach those places?
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
3. What were the key features of Paleolithic food attainment and Paleolithic diets?
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
4. What are some of the theories about gender relationships in Paleolithic societies? What
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
changed in those relationships in the Neolithic period? What kinds of evidence are used in
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
supporting or arguing against these theories?
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
5. What is the relationship between pastoralism, disease, and humans?
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
6. How did material goods create, define, and perpetuate social hierarchies in Neolithic
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
societies?c1
Page 1 c 1
,Answer Key c1
1. Answer would ideally include: c1 c1 c1
• Because the earliest humans did not leave behind written evidence, scientists have studied c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
more recent societies that lived by similar gathering means. However, most evidence about
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
recent gatherer societies was written by external sources and thus includes their biases and
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
expectations, such as the inferiority of foraging as a lifestyle. Furthermore, few modern
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
foragers or gatherers are truly isolated from the influence of other agricultural or industrial
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
cultures. Also, this approach assumes that gatherer societies are somehow static and remain
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
unchanged over many centuries, which ignores the evidence of how adaptable such societies
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
really are.
c1 c1
2. Answer would ideally include: c1 c1 c1
• Homo erectus migrated out of East Africa into central Africa, and then into northern Africa.
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
This migration took place 2 million years ago. As early as 1.8 million years ago, Homo
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
erectus had spread to Asia, reaching China and Java by 1.5 million years ago. These
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
migrations took place over land, along coastline routes. Because sea levels were lower then,
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
individuals could cross from the mainland of China to Java on foot. Homo erectus also
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
moved northward from Africa, into Spain by 800,000 years ago and into Germany 500,000
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
years ago. In each of these places, they adapted hunting and gathering techniques to the local
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
environment.
c1
3. Answer would ideally include: c1 c1 c1
• The Paleolithic diet consisted of a combination of plants and animal protein. Paleolithic
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
peoples foraged for their food, engaging in what we would consider a combination of
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
hunting, scavenging, and gathering. Most of what they ate were plants. Animal protein often
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
came from scavenged foods like insects and shellfish rather than being hunted directly. It is
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
unknown as to whether labor was divided between genders, but in today's foraging societies,
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
there is some division, with men engaging in hunting large animals and women responsible
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
for gathering plants and small animals. It took between ten and twenty hours per week to
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
gather food, but this number varied depending on environmental factors and group
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
decisions. Because Paleolithic peoples had to forage for their diet, they expended energy
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
and, in general, avoided diseases common in sedentary societies. Life spans were kept in
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
check by accidents, injuries, and infections.
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
4. Answer would ideally include: c1 c1 c1
• Studies of more recent foraging societies suggest that women were valued for their labor,c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
c1 which was recognized as equal to the work of men. Both men and women foraged for food, and
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
c1 both participated in hunting. Other scholars theorize that even in Paleolithic society one
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
c1 person may have emerged as a leader, perhaps based on personal skill, and that this person
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
c1 was almost always a man. It is more certain that by the Neolithic period, after the invention of
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
c1 plow agriculture, society became more hierarchical and men took on more of a public, elite
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
c1 status. Women were limited to the home or enclosed spaces, and land inheritance favored
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
c1 men over women. Evidence for
c1 c1 c1 c1
Page 2 c 1
, gender roles in the Neolithic period comes from later written traditions.
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
5. Answer would ideally include: c1 c1 c1
• Pastoralism is the herding and raising of livestock. It requires humans to live in close
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
contact with their herd animals, thus exposing humans to various animal-borne diseases, such
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
as smallpox. Initially, exposure to diseases may have caused higher mortality rates in
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
pastoralist societies, but over time, humans would have developed some resistance to them.
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
Foragers were not exposed to these diseases and thus did not develop any resistance to them.
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
When a pastoralist society encountered a forager society, this might have led the former to
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
expose the latter to deadly pathogens.
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
6. Answer would ideally include: c1 c1 c1
• The possession of material goods—such as livestock, dwelling structures, plows, carts, and
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
c1 pots—indicated that some individuals had control over more labor. Labor was used to c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
c1 acquire material goods. The more material goods one had, the more labor one controlled.
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
c1 This indicated status; to control labor was to have a higher status than others. Having material
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
c1 goods gave one the ability to acquire yet more material goods and to continue to acquire
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
c1 status. Material goods, along with land, could also constitute an inheritance, and thus
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
c1 perpetuate status into the next generation. c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
Page 3 c 1
, Chapter 01_Matching c1
Use the following to answer questions 1-15:
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
in the Definitions section.
c1 c1 c1 c1
Terms
a. pastoralism
b. Neanderthals
c. division of labor c1 c1
d. animism
e. social hierarchies c1
f. patriarchy
g. Paleolithic era c1
h. Agricultural Revolution c1
g. foraging
h. shamans
i. Neolithic era c1
j. hominids
k. horticulture
l. megafaunal extinction c1
m. domesticated
1. Period during which humans used tools of stone, bone, and wood and obtained food by
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
gathering and hunting. Roughly 250,000–9,000 B.C.E.
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
2. Dramatic transformation in human history resulting from the change from foraging to
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
raising crops and animals.
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
3. Period beginning in 9000 B.C.E. during which humans obtained food byraising crops and
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
animals and continued to use tools primarily of stone, bone, and wood.
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
4. Members of the family Hominidae that contains humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, and c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
orangutans. c1 c1
5. Die-off of large animals in many parts of the world about 15,000–10,000 B.C.E., caused by
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
climate change and perhaps human hunting.
c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1
Page 1 c 1
