HEMATOLOGY: BLOOD FUNCTIONS, DISORDERS, AND
DIAGNOSTIC TESTS |COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE WITH 100%
ACCURATE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS! EXCELLENCE
GUARANTEED!
Course Code:
Course Title:
Programme:
Academic Year: 2026/2027
Duration: 2 Hours
Total Marks: 100
Candidate Instructions:
1) Write your Registration Number on every answer booklet used.
2) Answer ALL questions in Section A and ANY TWO (2) questions in Section B.
3) Read each question carefully before answering.
4) Begin each question on a new page.
5) The marks for each question are indicated in brackets.
6) This paper consists of several printed pages, including this page.
7) Ensure your copy is complete before the examination begins.
8) Unauthorized materials and communication with other candidates are not permitted.
Turn Over.
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
1
, What are the six primary functions of blood? Answer: Maintains oxygen delivery, transports
nutrients, removes waste products, regulates fluid/electrolytes, regulates pH and temperature,
and provides clotting factors.
What is the primary function of red blood cells (RBCs)? Answer: Carry oxygen to body tissues
and transport a portion of carbon dioxide back to the lungs.
Which blood protein maintains oncotic (osmotic) pressure? Answer: Albumin.
What happens when albumin is low? Answer: Fluid leaks from blood vessels into tissues,
causing edema.
Which plasma protein functions as antibodies? Answer: Gamma globulins.
Which plasma protein is required for blood clot formation? Answer: Fibrinogen.
What are the two major components of blood? Answer: Plasma and formed elements.
What percentage of blood is plasma? Answer: Approximately 55%.
What percentage of blood is formed elements? Answer: Approximately 45%.
What are the formed elements? Answer: Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
What percentage of plasma is water? Answer: Approximately 91%.
What percentage of plasma consists of proteins? Answer: Approximately 7%.
Which organ produces most erythropoietin (EPO)? Answer: The kidneys.
What stimulates erythropoietin release? Answer: Decreased oxygen delivery to tissues.
What does erythropoietin do? Answer: Stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells.
Where are blood cells produced? Answer: Red bone marrow.
What process produces red blood cells? Answer: Erythropoiesis.
Which nutrients are required for erythropoiesis? Answer: Iron, vitamin B12, folic acid, amino
acids, vitamins C and E.
How long do red blood cells normally live? Answer: About 120 days.
Which organs remove old red blood cells? Answer: The spleen and liver.
Which blood cell is the most numerous? Answer: Red blood cells.
Which blood cell provides the first line of defense against infection? Answer: White blood
cells.
What is another name for erythrocytes? Answer: Red blood cells.
What is another name for leukocytes? Answer: White blood cells.
What is another name for thrombocytes? Answer: Platelets.
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
2
DIAGNOSTIC TESTS |COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE WITH 100%
ACCURATE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS! EXCELLENCE
GUARANTEED!
Course Code:
Course Title:
Programme:
Academic Year: 2026/2027
Duration: 2 Hours
Total Marks: 100
Candidate Instructions:
1) Write your Registration Number on every answer booklet used.
2) Answer ALL questions in Section A and ANY TWO (2) questions in Section B.
3) Read each question carefully before answering.
4) Begin each question on a new page.
5) The marks for each question are indicated in brackets.
6) This paper consists of several printed pages, including this page.
7) Ensure your copy is complete before the examination begins.
8) Unauthorized materials and communication with other candidates are not permitted.
Turn Over.
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
1
, What are the six primary functions of blood? Answer: Maintains oxygen delivery, transports
nutrients, removes waste products, regulates fluid/electrolytes, regulates pH and temperature,
and provides clotting factors.
What is the primary function of red blood cells (RBCs)? Answer: Carry oxygen to body tissues
and transport a portion of carbon dioxide back to the lungs.
Which blood protein maintains oncotic (osmotic) pressure? Answer: Albumin.
What happens when albumin is low? Answer: Fluid leaks from blood vessels into tissues,
causing edema.
Which plasma protein functions as antibodies? Answer: Gamma globulins.
Which plasma protein is required for blood clot formation? Answer: Fibrinogen.
What are the two major components of blood? Answer: Plasma and formed elements.
What percentage of blood is plasma? Answer: Approximately 55%.
What percentage of blood is formed elements? Answer: Approximately 45%.
What are the formed elements? Answer: Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
What percentage of plasma is water? Answer: Approximately 91%.
What percentage of plasma consists of proteins? Answer: Approximately 7%.
Which organ produces most erythropoietin (EPO)? Answer: The kidneys.
What stimulates erythropoietin release? Answer: Decreased oxygen delivery to tissues.
What does erythropoietin do? Answer: Stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells.
Where are blood cells produced? Answer: Red bone marrow.
What process produces red blood cells? Answer: Erythropoiesis.
Which nutrients are required for erythropoiesis? Answer: Iron, vitamin B12, folic acid, amino
acids, vitamins C and E.
How long do red blood cells normally live? Answer: About 120 days.
Which organs remove old red blood cells? Answer: The spleen and liver.
Which blood cell is the most numerous? Answer: Red blood cells.
Which blood cell provides the first line of defense against infection? Answer: White blood
cells.
What is another name for erythrocytes? Answer: Red blood cells.
What is another name for leukocytes? Answer: White blood cells.
What is another name for thrombocytes? Answer: Platelets.
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
2
