MC 4213 – ROBOTICS
MODULE 2
Major Components of a Robot
Learning Objectives
• Identify the major physical and electronic components of a robot.
• Differentiate sensors, actuators, controllers, and end-effectors.
• Explain the role of the mechanical structure.
2.1 Mechanical Structure
The mechanical structure provides the physical framework of the robot. It may include links, joints,
wheels, frames, gears, shafts, and bearings.
2.2 Actuators
Actuators create movement. Common examples are DC motors, servo motors, stepper motors,
hydraulic actuators, and pneumatic actuators.
2.3 Sensors
Sensors allow a robot to obtain information about its environment or its own condition. Examples include
ultrasonic sensors, infrared sensors, cameras, encoders, gyroscopes, accelerometers, and force
sensors.
2.4 Controller
The controller acts as the robot's decision-making unit. It receives sensor information, runs programmed
logic, and sends commands to actuators.
2.5 End-Effector
An end-effector is a tool attached to the end of a robotic arm, such as a gripper, suction cup, welding
tool, or screwdriver.
Activity 1 – Matching
A. Sensor
B. Actuator
C. Controller
D. End-effector
E. Mechanical structure
Match each with: 1. Performs physical manipulation; 2. Detects information; 3. Provides physical
framework; 4. Processes information; 5. Produces movement.
Activity 2 – Short Answer
1. What is the function of a controller?
MODULE 2
Major Components of a Robot
Learning Objectives
• Identify the major physical and electronic components of a robot.
• Differentiate sensors, actuators, controllers, and end-effectors.
• Explain the role of the mechanical structure.
2.1 Mechanical Structure
The mechanical structure provides the physical framework of the robot. It may include links, joints,
wheels, frames, gears, shafts, and bearings.
2.2 Actuators
Actuators create movement. Common examples are DC motors, servo motors, stepper motors,
hydraulic actuators, and pneumatic actuators.
2.3 Sensors
Sensors allow a robot to obtain information about its environment or its own condition. Examples include
ultrasonic sensors, infrared sensors, cameras, encoders, gyroscopes, accelerometers, and force
sensors.
2.4 Controller
The controller acts as the robot's decision-making unit. It receives sensor information, runs programmed
logic, and sends commands to actuators.
2.5 End-Effector
An end-effector is a tool attached to the end of a robotic arm, such as a gripper, suction cup, welding
tool, or screwdriver.
Activity 1 – Matching
A. Sensor
B. Actuator
C. Controller
D. End-effector
E. Mechanical structure
Match each with: 1. Performs physical manipulation; 2. Detects information; 3. Provides physical
framework; 4. Processes information; 5. Produces movement.
Activity 2 – Short Answer
1. What is the function of a controller?
