FINAL EXAM ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY,
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINALS 2026/2027
WITH 159 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS RATED A+
Which component of the cell produces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by using
oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative
reaction?
A) lysosomes
B) peroxisomes
C) ribosomes
D) oxyhydrosomes
Ans: B- peroxisomes
Contain organelles and complex internal membranes
The difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes is that eukaryotes:
a. all of these answers are correct
b. are smaller in size
c. contain organelles
d. have no nuclear membrane
What is a consequence of plasma membrane damage to the mitochondria?
A) enzymatic digestion halts deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthese
B) influx of calcium ions halts adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production
C) edema from an influx in sodium causes a reduction in ATP production
D) potassium shifts out of the mitochondria, which destroys the infrastructure
Ans: B- influx of calcium ions halts adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production
,Packages protein for secretion to the outside of the cell
Which of the following is function of Golgi?
a. Packages protein for secretion to the outside of the cell
b. Produces ATP for cell function
c. Contains hydrolytic enzymes
d. Is the site of protein synthesis in a cell
Which cell is the body's primary defense against parasite invasion?
a. t lymphocytes
b. neutrophils
c. eosinophils
d. b lymphocytes
classic
Which pathway in the complement system is activated by an antigen-antibody
response?
a. lectin
b. classic
c. alternative
d. none of the above
severe loss of CD4 Th cells
The hallmark of AIDS profound immunosuppression, results from:
a. proper function of helper t cells
b. infection of b cells
c. severe loss of CD4 Th cells
d. none of the above
exotoxins
These are proteins released by bacteria during growth.
a. endotoxins
b. TNF
c. exotoxins
d. pili
True
,Activation of the complement cascade may destroy pathogens directly and can
activate with virtually every other component of the inflammatory response.
True/False
Considering the hypothalamus, a fever is produced by:
A) endogenous pyrogen acting directly on the hypothalamus
B) exogenous pyrogens acting directly on the hypothalamus
C) immune complexes acting indirectly on the hypothalamus
D) cytokines acting indirectly on the hypothalamus
Ans: A- endogenous pyrogen acting directly on the hypothalamus
gram-negative bacteria
One of the leading causes of death in the intensive care unit is the release of
sufficient amounts of endotoxin resulting in endotoxic (septic) shock. The most
common cause is:
a. cachectin
b. fungi
c. gram-positive bacteria
d. gram-negative bacteria
candida albicans
The most common cause of fungal infections in humans are
a. staphylococcus
b. candida albicans
c. gram-negative bacteria
d. salmonella
wilms tumor
physiologic jaundice
A 3-day old infant is noted to have a mildly elevated unconjugated bilirubin level
and icterus. Your concern is that this child may have:
a. physiologic jaundice
b. kernicterus
, c. glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
d. pathologic jaundice
Lysosomes
Which cell component is capable of cellular autodigestion when it is released
during cell injury?
a. lysosomes
b. ribosomesc. smooth endoplasmi
c reticulum
d. golgi complex
Which statement is a description of one of the characteristics of apoptosis?
A) apoptosis involves programmed cell death of scattered singel cells
B) apoptosis is characterized by the swelling of the nucleus and the cytoplasm
C) apoptosis involves unpredictable patterns of cell death
D) apoptosis results in benign malignancies
Ans: A- apoptosis involves programmed cell death of scattered singel cells
During cell injury caused by hypoxia, sodium and water move into the cell
because:
A) during cell injury cause by hypoxia, sodium and water move into the cell
because:
B) the pump that transports sodium out of the cell cannot function because of a
decrease in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels
C) the osmotic pressure is increased, which pulls additional sodium across the cell
membrane
D) oxygen is not available to bind with sodium to maintain it outside of the cell
Ans: C- the osmotic pressure is increased, which pulls additional sodium across the
cell membrane
Is the site of protein synthesis in a cell
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY,
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINALS 2026/2027
WITH 159 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS RATED A+
Which component of the cell produces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by using
oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative
reaction?
A) lysosomes
B) peroxisomes
C) ribosomes
D) oxyhydrosomes
Ans: B- peroxisomes
Contain organelles and complex internal membranes
The difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes is that eukaryotes:
a. all of these answers are correct
b. are smaller in size
c. contain organelles
d. have no nuclear membrane
What is a consequence of plasma membrane damage to the mitochondria?
A) enzymatic digestion halts deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthese
B) influx of calcium ions halts adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production
C) edema from an influx in sodium causes a reduction in ATP production
D) potassium shifts out of the mitochondria, which destroys the infrastructure
Ans: B- influx of calcium ions halts adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production
,Packages protein for secretion to the outside of the cell
Which of the following is function of Golgi?
a. Packages protein for secretion to the outside of the cell
b. Produces ATP for cell function
c. Contains hydrolytic enzymes
d. Is the site of protein synthesis in a cell
Which cell is the body's primary defense against parasite invasion?
a. t lymphocytes
b. neutrophils
c. eosinophils
d. b lymphocytes
classic
Which pathway in the complement system is activated by an antigen-antibody
response?
a. lectin
b. classic
c. alternative
d. none of the above
severe loss of CD4 Th cells
The hallmark of AIDS profound immunosuppression, results from:
a. proper function of helper t cells
b. infection of b cells
c. severe loss of CD4 Th cells
d. none of the above
exotoxins
These are proteins released by bacteria during growth.
a. endotoxins
b. TNF
c. exotoxins
d. pili
True
,Activation of the complement cascade may destroy pathogens directly and can
activate with virtually every other component of the inflammatory response.
True/False
Considering the hypothalamus, a fever is produced by:
A) endogenous pyrogen acting directly on the hypothalamus
B) exogenous pyrogens acting directly on the hypothalamus
C) immune complexes acting indirectly on the hypothalamus
D) cytokines acting indirectly on the hypothalamus
Ans: A- endogenous pyrogen acting directly on the hypothalamus
gram-negative bacteria
One of the leading causes of death in the intensive care unit is the release of
sufficient amounts of endotoxin resulting in endotoxic (septic) shock. The most
common cause is:
a. cachectin
b. fungi
c. gram-positive bacteria
d. gram-negative bacteria
candida albicans
The most common cause of fungal infections in humans are
a. staphylococcus
b. candida albicans
c. gram-negative bacteria
d. salmonella
wilms tumor
physiologic jaundice
A 3-day old infant is noted to have a mildly elevated unconjugated bilirubin level
and icterus. Your concern is that this child may have:
a. physiologic jaundice
b. kernicterus
, c. glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
d. pathologic jaundice
Lysosomes
Which cell component is capable of cellular autodigestion when it is released
during cell injury?
a. lysosomes
b. ribosomesc. smooth endoplasmi
c reticulum
d. golgi complex
Which statement is a description of one of the characteristics of apoptosis?
A) apoptosis involves programmed cell death of scattered singel cells
B) apoptosis is characterized by the swelling of the nucleus and the cytoplasm
C) apoptosis involves unpredictable patterns of cell death
D) apoptosis results in benign malignancies
Ans: A- apoptosis involves programmed cell death of scattered singel cells
During cell injury caused by hypoxia, sodium and water move into the cell
because:
A) during cell injury cause by hypoxia, sodium and water move into the cell
because:
B) the pump that transports sodium out of the cell cannot function because of a
decrease in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels
C) the osmotic pressure is increased, which pulls additional sodium across the cell
membrane
D) oxygen is not available to bind with sodium to maintain it outside of the cell
Ans: C- the osmotic pressure is increased, which pulls additional sodium across the
cell membrane
Is the site of protein synthesis in a cell
